These losses depend on fiber diameter and length, absorption coefficient, the mean value of the loss per internal reflection and last, but not least, on the angular distribution of the incident light.

Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

If the incident light is unpolarised ( containing an equal mix of s-and p-polarisations ), the reflection coefficient is

For common glass, the reflection coefficient is about 4 %.

The combined reflection coefficient for this case is 2R /( 1 + R ), when interference can be neglected ( see below ).

Because the reflected and incident waves propagate in the same medium and make the same angle with the normal to the surface, the amplitude reflection coefficient is related to the reflectance R by

* As reflection coefficient in physics and electrical engineering

This is effectively a mirror with a reflection coefficient greater than 100 %, producing an amplified reflection.

The transmission coefficient for FTIR is highly sensitive to the spacing between the high index media ( the function is approximately exponential until the gap is almost closed ), so this effect has often been used to modulate optical transmission and reflection with a large dynamic range.

Mathematically this means that the Fresnel reflection coefficient becomes a complex rather than a real number.

Here it is the corollary of reflection coefficient.

The reflection coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered.

A reflection coefficient describes either the amplitude or the intensity of a reflected wave relative to an incident wave.

The reflection coefficient is closely related to the transmission coefficient.

In telecommunications, the reflection coefficient is the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the amplitude of the incident wave.

The reflection coefficient may also be established using other field or circuit quantities.

The reflection coefficient can be given by the equations below, where is the impedance toward the source, is the impedance toward the load:

Simple circuit configuration showing measurement location of reflection coefficient.

Notice that a negative reflection coefficient means that the reflected wave receives a 180 °, or, phase shift.

The absolute magnitude ( designated by vertical bars ) of the reflection coefficient can be calculated from the standing wave ratio,:

The reflection coefficient is displayed graphically using a Smith chart.

The reflection coefficient in semipermeable membranes relates to how such a membrane can reflect solute particles from passing through.

* Flash tutorial for understanding reflection A flash program that shows how a reflected wave is generated, the reflection coefficient and VSWR

Harold Clurman is right to say that `` Waiting For Godot '' is a reflection ( he calls it a distorted reflection ) `` of the impasse and disarray of Europe's present politics, ethic, and common way of life ''.

It is through such reflection that literature approaches philosophy.

The most appalling aspect of Krim's piece is his reflection of the beat aesthetic.

The I. A. P. A. is a reflection of the problems and hopes of the hemisphere ; ;

This is a phenomenon familiar to all radio listeners, resulting from reflection of skywave signals at night from the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere.

Being a dimensionless fraction, it may also be expressed as a percentage, and is measured on a scale from zero for no reflecting power of a perfectly black surface, to 1 for perfect reflection of a white surface.

Algerian music is a perfect reflection of the cultural diversity that characterizes the country, music directories are distinguished by a profusion of several styles.

Every line of written text is a mere reflection of references from any of a multitude of traditions, or, as Barthes puts it, " the text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centres of culture "; it is never original.

Whether this was a reflection of his age or of the fact that Christie was by now heartily sick of him it is difficult to assess.

The first charter of human rights by Cyrus the Great as understood in the Cyrus cylinder is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra and developed in Zoroastrian schools of thought of the Achaemenid Era of Iranian history.

He held that the Absolute Infinite had various mathematical properties, including the reflection principle which says that every property of the Absolute Infinite is also held by some smaller object.

According to the Bahá ' í teachings the human purpose is to learn to know and love God through such methods as prayer, reflection, and being of service to humankind.

Chapters 1: 1-2: 5 are thus a confession of failure ; chapters 2: 6-3: 6 are a major summary and reflection from the Deuteronomists, setting out the over all formula which the stories in the main text will follow: Israel " does evil in the eyes of Yahweh ;" the people are given into the hands of their enemies and cry out to Yahweh ; Yahweh raises up a leader ; the " spirit of Yahweh " comes upon the leader, the enemy is defeated, and peace is regained.

The energy gap is most directly observed in tunneling experiments and in reflection of microwaves from superconductors.

Precise definition of roles and self-identification is a common subject of debate, reflection, and discussion within the community .< ref name =" Terms ">

Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life from a honky-tonk to a country picnic to street corner blues to work in the burgeoning oil fields, a reflection too of his interest in mechanical things.

fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons ; equipment is old and outdated, and connections with many parts of the country are unreliable ; mobile-cellular usage, in part a reflection of the poor condition and general inadequacy of the fixed-line network, increased more than 6-fold between 2002 and 2007 reaching a subscribership base of 25 per 100 persons

The global cooling effect of carbon sequestration by forests is partially counterbalanced in that reforestation can decrease the reflection of sunlight ( albedo ).