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The reign of Alfonso XIII ( 1886 – 1931 ) saw the Spanish-American War of 1898, culminating in the loss of the Philippines plus Spain's last colonies in the Americas, Cuba and Puerto Rico ; the " Great War " in Europe ( now known as World War I, 1914 – 1918 ), although Spain maintained neutrality throughout the conflict ; the influenza pandemic nicknamed the Spanish Flu ( 1918 – 1919 ); and the Rif War in Morocco ( 1920 – 1926 ).
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reign and Alfonso
Alfonso was the eldest son of Prince Francisco de Asis de Borbón-Dos Sicilias and Queen Isabel II, whose reign was marked by a constant political crisis which had several causes.
Alfonso, by formally submitting his reign to the Papacy, obtained the consent of Pope Eugene IV that the Kingdom of Naples would go to his immature son Ferdinand.
The Cantigas de Santa Maria (" Canticles of Holy Mary ";, ) are 420 poems with musical notation, written in Galician-Portuguese during the reign of Alfonso X El Sabio ( 1221 – 1284 ) and often attributed to him.
Although there has been an old tradition and like for making census in Spain, the oldest ones dating back to the 12th century ( by Alfonso VII of the Kingdom of Castile ), the first modern census was carried out in 1768 by Conde de Aranda, under the reign of Carlos III.
In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile, Castilian began to be used for certain types of documents, and it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official language.
The reign of Alfonso II from ( 791-842 ) saw further expansion of the northwest kingdom towards the south and, for a short time, it almost reached Lisbon.
During the reign of King Alfonso II ( 791 – 842 ), the kingdom was firmly established.
During Alfonso II's reign a series of Muslim raids caused the transfer of Asturian capital to Oviedo.
Maybe raided from 711 to 739 by the Arabs, the bishopric of Iria was incorporated into the Kingdom of Asturias c. 750 ; some tens of years later, at some point between 818 and 842, bishop Theodemar of Iria ( d. 847 ), found some remains which were attributed to Saint James the Greater, during the reign of Alfonso II of Asturias.
* May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign.
* November – Alfonso IV of Aragon begins his reign.
The French was further translated into Spanish, as the Gran Conquista de Ultramar, during the reign of Alfonso the Wise of Castile in the late 13th century.
During the reign of Alfonso II, Ferrara once again developed an opulent court with an impressive musical establishment, rivaled in Italy only by the adjacent city of Venice, and the traditional musical centers such as Rome, Florence and Milan.
The reign of Alfonso II from 791-842 saw further expansion of the kingdom to the south, almost as far as Lisbon, Portugal.
The legend of St. James gained support during the reign of Alfonso II, when the Galician hermit Pelayo claimed to observe a mysterious brightness during several nights over the wood of Libredón, in Iria Flavia diocese.
Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of Nuño González de Lara, Diego López de Haro and Esteban Fernández de Castro, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories.
From the beginning of his reign, Alfonso employed Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars at his court, primarily for the purpose of translating books from Arabic and Hebrew into Latin and Castilian, although he always insisted in supervising personally the translations.
Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music during his reign.
Once Alfonso was declared adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power.
For most of his reign he was allied with Alfonso VIII of Castile, both against
His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Iberia over the eastern ( Navarre and Aragón ) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler.
* Arnaldo, Bishop of Astorga, wrote an account of Alfonso VII's life and reign known as the Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris.
After the campaigns of Alfonso I of Asturias ( 739-757 ) against the Moors, the city was abandoned, being in the largely empty buffer zone between Moors and Christians known at the time as " The Desert of the Duero ", and was part of the Repoblación (" repopulation ") effort carried out a century later during the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias ( 850-866 ).
reign and XIII
The practice of civilian duelling, with specifically designed civilian swords such as the Italian Cinquedea and Swiss Baselard, became so popular that according to one scholar: " In France during the reign of Henry IV ( 1589 – 1610 ), more than 4, 000 French aristocrats were killed in duels in an eighteen-year period ... During the reign of Louis XIII ( 1610 – 1643 )... in a twenty-year period 8, 000 pardons were issued for murders associated with duels.
This small château was the site of one of the historical events that took place during the reign of Louis XIII, on 10 November 1630, when, on the Day of the Dupes, the party of the queen mother was defeated and Richelieu was confirmed as prime minister.
As power drifted from him, there were increasingly loud calls for him to convoke the Estates-General, which had not met since 1614, at the beginning of the reign of Louis XIII.
Like the Hôtel de Rambouillet in Paris, the château was owned by Charles d ' Angennes, the marquis de Rambouillet during the reign of Louis XIII.
The young King Louis XIII of France | Louis XIII was only a figurehead during his early reign ; power actually rested with his mother, Marie de Médicis.
The temple was started by Ptolemy VI Philometor ( 180-145 BC ) at the beginning of his reign and added to by other Ptolemys, most notably Ptolemy XIII ( 51-47 BC ), who built the inner and outer hypostyle halls.
In 1831, he presented his first original play, La Maréchale d ' Ancre, a historical drama recounting the events leading up to the reign of King Louis XIII.
Entering the army at the age of fourteen as proprietary colonel of an infantry regiment, he shared in almost all the exploits of the French arms during the reign of Louis XIII.
In 1722 during the reign of Karl VI, the see was elevated to an archbishopric by Pope Innocent XIII.
He supported the Avignon line of Popes and an Aragonese, Pope Benedict XIII, held the seat throughout Martin's reign.
* François, Admiral of Guienne, who was one of the devoted servants of Henry IV ( Gaspard de Coligny ( 1584 – 1646 ), son of this François, was Marshal of France during the reign of Louis XIII ); and
Michel Baudier ( c. 1589 – 1645 ), French historian, was born in Languedoc, during the reign of Louis XIII, and was historiographer to the Court of France.
The court of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden ( reign 1792 – 1809 ) and Charles XIII of Sweden ( reign 1809 – 1818 ) used the palace more sporadically.
In the reign of Louis XIII of France, Croatian mercenaries were enlisted into a regiment supporting the King and Cardinal Richelieu against the Duke of Guise and the Queen Mother, Marie de ' Medici.
The Intendants to the provinces —- the term " Intendant " appears around 1620 during the reign of Louis XIII – became an effective tool of regional control.
When he was Prime Minister during the reign of Alfonso XIII, he spent summers at the estate of Can Mossenya, historically part of the Valldemossa Charterhouse in Majorca.
* Gabriel Maura y Gamazo, ( son ) 1st Duke of Maura, historian and Labour Minister in the last government of the reign of Alfonso XIII
* Henri de Schomberg ( 1575 – 1632 ), a Marshal of France during the reign of Louis XIII
From approximately 1610 to 1635, during the reign of Louis XIII, this was the predominant form of secular vocal composition in France, especially in the royal court.
During the reign of Louis XIII of France, because a number of Fortifications of the Middle Ages served in rebellions by the Huguenots in particular, the castle and it's precinct were dismantled on orders of Richelieu.
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