Alfonso was the eldest son of Prince Francisco de Asis de Borbón-Dos Sicilias and Queen Isabel II, whose reign was marked by a constant political crisis which had several causes.

Alfonso, by formally submitting his reign to the Papacy, obtained the consent of Pope Eugene IV that the Kingdom of Naples would go to his immature son Ferdinand.

The Cantigas de Santa Maria (" Canticles of Holy Mary ";, ) are 420 poems with musical notation, written in Galician-Portuguese during the reign of Alfonso X El Sabio ( 1221 – 1284 ) and often attributed to him.

Although there has been an old tradition and like for making census in Spain, the oldest ones dating back to the 12th century ( by Alfonso VII of the Kingdom of Castile ), the first modern census was carried out in 1768 by Conde de Aranda, under the reign of Carlos III.

In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile, Castilian began to be used for certain types of documents, and it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official language.

The reign of Alfonso XIII ( 1886 – 1931 ) saw the Spanish-American War of 1898, culminating in the loss of the Philippines plus Spain's last colonies in the Americas, Cuba and Puerto Rico ; the " Great War " in Europe ( now known as World War I, 1914 – 1918 ), although Spain maintained neutrality throughout the conflict ; the influenza pandemic nicknamed the Spanish Flu ( 1918 – 1919 ); and the Rif War in Morocco ( 1920 – 1926 ).

During the reign of King Alfonso II ( 791 – 842 ), the kingdom was firmly established.

During Alfonso II's reign a series of Muslim raids caused the transfer of Asturian capital to Oviedo.

Maybe raided from 711 to 739 by the Arabs, the bishopric of Iria was incorporated into the Kingdom of Asturias c. 750 ; some tens of years later, at some point between 818 and 842, bishop Theodemar of Iria ( d. 847 ), found some remains which were attributed to Saint James the Greater, during the reign of Alfonso II of Asturias.

* May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign.

* November – Alfonso IV of Aragon begins his reign.

The French was further translated into Spanish, as the Gran Conquista de Ultramar, during the reign of Alfonso the Wise of Castile in the late 13th century.

During the reign of Alfonso II, Ferrara once again developed an opulent court with an impressive musical establishment, rivaled in Italy only by the adjacent city of Venice, and the traditional musical centers such as Rome, Florence and Milan.

The reign of Alfonso II from 791-842 saw further expansion of the kingdom to the south, almost as far as Lisbon, Portugal.

The legend of St. James gained support during the reign of Alfonso II, when the Galician hermit Pelayo claimed to observe a mysterious brightness during several nights over the wood of Libredón, in Iria Flavia diocese.

Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of Nuño González de Lara, Diego López de Haro and Esteban Fernández de Castro, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories.

From the beginning of his reign, Alfonso employed Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars at his court, primarily for the purpose of translating books from Arabic and Hebrew into Latin and Castilian, although he always insisted in supervising personally the translations.

Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music during his reign.

Once Alfonso was declared adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power.

For most of his reign he was allied with Alfonso VIII of Castile, both against

His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Iberia over the eastern ( Navarre and Aragón ) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler.

* Arnaldo, Bishop of Astorga, wrote an account of Alfonso VII's life and reign known as the Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris.

After the campaigns of Alfonso I of Asturias ( 739-757 ) against the Moors, the city was abandoned, being in the largely empty buffer zone between Moors and Christians known at the time as " The Desert of the Duero ", and was part of the Repoblación (" repopulation ") effort carried out a century later during the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias ( 850-866 ).

During the four years of his reign disaster followed on disaster, and in 1695 Ahmed II died at Edirne Palace, worn out by disease and sorrow.

He flourished about 280 BC, in the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

He initially sought to maintain the Aragonese control over Sicily early in his reign by supporting the claims to island of his brother, James II of Aragon.

Amos, an older contemporary of Hosea and Isaiah, was active c. 750 BC during the reign of Jeroboam II, making the Book of Amos the first biblical prophetic book written.

Amos was a prophet during the reign of Jeroboam ben Joash ( Jeroboam II ), ruler of Israel from 793 BC to 753 BC, and the reign of Uzziah, King of Judah, at a time when both kingdoms ( Israel in the North and Judah in the South ) were peaking in prosperity.

Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties and during his reign the value of the Byzantine hyperpyron depreciated precipitously while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue ( in nominal coins ) that it had done previously.

A favorite of his paternal grandfather Andronikos II in the later years of his reign.

During his reign, Bayezid II consolidated the Ottoman Empire and thwarted a Safavid rebellion soon before abdicating his throne to his son, Selim I.

Throughout his reign, Bayezid II engaged in numerous campaigns to conquer the Venetian possessions in Morea, accurately defining this region as the key to future Ottoman naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II ( 317-361 ), when their island was already dominated by the Salii, a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons.

This was followed by a second series, Blackadder II ( 1986 ) set during the reign of Elizabeth I, a third series Blackadder the Third ( 1987 ) set during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the reign of George III, and finally Blackadder Goes Forth ( 1989 ) in 1917, set in the trenches of the Great War.

Blackadder II is set in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ( 1558 – 1603 ), played by Miranda Richardson.

Set in the reign of Jeroboam II ( 786-746 BC ), it was probably written in the post-exilic period, sometime between the late fifth to early fourth century BC.

The Jonah mentioned in II Kings 14: 25 lived during the reign of Jeroboam II ( 786-746 BC ) and was from the city of Gath-hepher.

The Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, which had its origins as an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II.

Nebuchadnezzar successfully fought the Pharaohs Psammetichus II and Apries throughout his reign, and during the reign of Pharaoh Amasis in 568 BC it is rumoured that he may have briefly invaded Egypt itself.

The first explanation is that the ancestral game was introduced to Britain from France during the reign of Charles II of England, and was played under the name of paille-maille or pall mall, derived ultimately from Latin words for " ball and mallet ".

Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of his reign.

Jaivana | Jaivan Cannon-World's largest Cannon on wheels, which was cast in India during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah by his Kiladar, Jai Singh II.

The entry for the reign between Áed and Donald II is corrupt in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, and in this case the Chronicle is at variance with every other king list.