Originally, the definition for relatedness ( r ) in Hamilton's rule was explicitly given as Sewall Wright's coefficient of relationship: the probability that at a random locus, the alleles there will be identical by descent ( Hamilton 1963, American Naturalist, p. 355 ).

In biology, it typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient of relationship between individual members of a species.

In population genetics, Sewall Wright's coefficient of relationship or coefficient of relatedness or relatedness or r is a measure for the level of consanguinity between two given individuals.

The and variables are referred to as correlations, but are not necessarily Pearson's correlation coefficient or Spearman's ρ. Dr. Mark Hall's dissertation uses neither of these, but uses three different measures of relatedness, minimum description length ( MDL ), symmetrical uncertainty, and relief.

In these sciences, ' kinship ' is commonly used as a short hand for ' the regression coefficient of ( genetic ) relatedness ', which is a metric denoting the proportion of shared genetic material between any two individuals relative to average degrees of genetic variance in the population under study.

The expected altruism between kin is calibrated by the value of p, also known as the coefficient of relatedness.

: r = the genetic relatedness of the recipient to the actor, often defined as the probability that a gene picked randomly from each at the same locus is identical by descent.

Participants repeated the experiment for individuals of different relatedness ( parents and siblings at r

( where b represents the benefit to the recipient of altruism, c the cost to the altruist, and r their degree of relatedness ) should be replaced by the more general equation

However, it is possible for languages to have different degrees of relatedness.

Merritt Ruhlen notes that this definition is not properly taxonomic but amorphous, since there are broader and narrower degrees of relatedness, and moreover, some linguists who broadly accept the concept ( such as Greenberg and Ruhlen himself ) have criticised the name as reflecting the ethnocentrism frequent among Europeans at the time.

The categories are, properly speaking, the ways in which a being can be addressed simply as a being, such as what it is ( its ' whatness ', quidditas or essence ), how it is ( its ' howness ' or qualitativeness ), how much it is ( quantitativeness ), where it is, its relatedness to other beings, etc.

Altruism is known to increase from rarity when relatedness ( R ) exceeds the ratio of the cost ( C ) to the altruist ( in this case, the cell giving up its own reproduction by differentiating ), to the benefit ( B ) to the recipient of altruism ( the germ line of the colony, that reproduces as a result of the differentiation ), i. e. R > C / B ( see Hamilton's rule ).

By the laws of genetic relatedness, one might find a paradox here, in that Fry being his own grandfather means his father is both 50 % related to him ( since he is Fry's father ) and 62. 5 % related to him ( since Fry's father is also his son and the son of Fry's grandmother, who's by virtue of being Fry's grandmother, is 25 % related to Fry ).

The information necessary to establish relatedness becomes less available as the time depth is increased.

Comparative linguistics ( originally comparative philology ) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to establish their historical relatedness.

That is, it is the context that mediates the development of the bonding process and the expression of the altruistic behaviours, not genetic relatedness per se.

Whether or not Hamilton's rule always applies, studies have demonstrated that relatedness is often important for human altruism in that humans are inclined to behave more altruistically toward kin than toward unrelated individuals.

") Molecular phylogenetics have clarified the relatedness of some associated genera, and at least nine genera that were previously included in Cornaceae have been eliminated from the order Cornales entirely, but the circumscription of Cornaceae is still unclear.

From a psychoanalytic perspective in which intersubjectivity and relatedness are central, this is fascinating and welcome news.

The DNA from the two families did not match, and so the study concluded that the famous Shawnee war chief was in fact a Native American and that the popular story surrounding his relatedness to Dutch settlers is without merit.

The initial tree describing the sequence relatedness is based on pairwise comparisons that may include heuristic pairwise alignment methods similar to FASTA.

Since the test for polysemy is the vague concept of relatedness, judgments of polysemy can be difficult to make.

It has been argued that because Snowball Earth would undoubtedly have decimated the population size of any given species, the extremely small populations that resulted would all have been descended from a small number of individuals ( see founder effect ), and consequently the average relatedness between any two individuals ( in this case individual cells ) would have been exceptionally high as a result of glaciations.

The evolutionary pressure of the high relatedness in the context of a post-glaciation population boom may have been sufficient to overcome the reproductive cost of forming a complex animal, for the first time in Earth's history.

Kin Recognition: First, if individuals have the capacity to recognize kin ( kin recognition ) and to adjust their behaviour on the basis of kinship ( kin discrimination ), then the average relatedness of the recipients of altruism could be high enough for this to be favoured.

Similarly, several surveys of American college students found that individuals were more likely to incur the cost of assisting kin when a high probability that relatedness and benefit would be greater than cost existed.

However, this interpretation is problematic: mtDNA analysis is very susceptible to hybridization events, the evolutionary history of the Cape Verde population is not known, and the genetic relationship of Red Kites in general is very confusing, with geographical proximity being no indicator of genetic relatedness and the overall genetic similarity high, perhaps indicating a relict species.

This can lead to a high degree of relatedness between individuals nesting on the same island, as well as the development of kin-based female social structures.

According to an evolutionary psychology hypothesis that assumes that descent systems are optimized to assure genetic high genetic probability of relatedness between lineage members, males should prefer a patrilineal system if paternal certainty is high ; males should prefer a matrilineal system if paternal certainty is low.

One of the unusual features of the kinship structure of the white-headed capuchin, relative to other primate species, is the high degree of relatedness within groups that results from the long tenures of alpha males who sire most of the offspring.

" The answer to this question is usually a number between-1 and 1, or between 0 and 1, where 1 signifies extremely high similarity / relatedness, and 0 signifies little-to-none.

A three-year study of a population of red squirrels in southwest Yukon reported that female red squirrels showed high levels of multi-male mating and would even mate with males that had similar genetic relatedness.

Similarity of words between languages does not prove that the words are related, in much the same way as facial resemblance does not prove relatedness of people.

The results showed that participants held the position for longer intervals the greater the degree of relatedness between themselves and those receiving the reward.

A study of food-sharing practices on the West Caroline islets of Ifaluk determined that food-sharing was more common among people from the same islet, possibly because the degree of relatedness between inhabitants of the same islet would be higher than relatedness between inhabitants of different islets.

When food was shared between islets, the distance the sharer was required to travel correlated with the relatedness of the recipient — a greater distance meant that the recipient needed to be a closer relative.

A higher degree of relatedness between children and their caregivers frequently correlated with a higher degree of investment in the children, with more food, health care, and clothing being provided.

For example, while classic biogeographers were able to speculate about the origins of species in the Hawaiian Islands, phylogeography allows them to test theories of relatedness between these populations and putative source populations in Asia and North America.

She uses the idea of relatedness to move away from a pre-constructed analytic opposition which exists in anthropological thought between the biological and the social.

The only real method was Alan Templeton's Nested Clade Analysis, which made use of an inference key to determine the validity of a given process in explaining the concordance between geographic distance and genetic relatedness.

Genotypic data were used to estimate relatedness between the workers and the winged-queens they tended, and it was indistinguishable from zero.

The two measures used to measure semantic relatedness in this model are the Latent semantic analysis ( LSA ) and the Word association spaces ( WAS ). The LSA method states that similarity between words is reflected through their co-occurrence in a local context.

The degree of semantic relatedness of items in memory is given by the cosine of the angle between the items ' context vectors ( ranging from 1 for perfect synonyms to 0 for no relationship ).

Temporal factors, response consistency, frequency and semantic relatedness are the four factors used to differentiate between semantic refractory access and semantic storage disorders.

Mass comparison is a method developed by Joseph Greenberg to determine the level of genetic relatedness between languages.

suggested that standard natural selection theory is superior to inclusive fitness theory, stating that the interactions between cost and benefit can not be explained only in terms of relatedness.

Instead, this relating takes place “ between the stage of the subjective object and that of true object relatedness ”.