The pattern of spots ( reflections ) and the relative strength of each spot ( intensities ) can be used to determine the structure of the enzyme.

The relative intensities of these spots provide the information to determine the arrangement of molecules within the crystal in atomic detail.

Since Bragg's law does not interpret the relative intensities of the reflections, however, it is generally inadequate to solve for the arrangement of atoms within the unit-cell ; for that, a Fourier transform method must be carried out.

Grayscale images, for example, are often represented as two-dimensional arrays ( or matrices ) of real numbers representing the relative intensities of pixels ( picture elements ) located at the intersections of row and column sample locations.

The frequencies where absorption lines occur, as well as their relative intensities, primarily depend on the electronic and molecular structure of the molecule.

Hendrik Kramers had earlier calculated the relative intensities of spectral lines in the Sommerfeld model by interpreting the Fourier coefficients of the orbits as intensities.

The intensities of individual spots on the RHEED pattern fluctuate in a periodic manner as a result of the relative surface coverage of the growing thin film.

Therefore, by analysing the different frequencies of light emitted in fluorescent spectroscopy, along with their relative intensities, the structure of the different vibrational levels can be determined.

The intensities of transitions in spectra are dependent on the relative populations of the energy levels.

The length of a pulse thereby is determined by its complex spectral components, which include not just their relative intensities, but also the relative positions ( spectral phase ) of these spectral components.

He worked on solar spectroscopy and co-discovered a relationship between the relative intensities of certain spectral lines and the absolute magnitude of a star.

Its emission spectrum is not symmetrical with its excitation spectrum and varies in the number of bands and their relative intensities depending on the solvent.

The relative intensities in the light output of these states thus differs for different dE / dx.

A double ring resonator with rings of varying radii in series showing the relative intensities of light passing through on the first cycle.

Experimentally, sp < sup > 2 </ sup > to sp < sup > 3 </ sup > ratios can be determined by comparing the relative intensities of various spectroscopic peaks ( including EELS, XPS, and Raman Spectroscopy ) to those expected for graphite or diamond.

Neurons sensitive to ILDs are excited by stimulation of one ear and inhibited by stimulation of the other ear, such that the response magnitude of the cell depends on the relative strengths of the two inputs, which in turn, depends on the sound intensities at the ears.

The International Centre for Diffraction Data ( ICDD ) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File ( PDF ), including the d-spacings ( related to angle of diffraction ) and relative intensities of observable diffraction peaks.

The mercury ions emit light at characteristic wavelengths, the relative intensities of which are determined by the pressure of the vapor.

The relative intensities of isotopes of sulfur are rather constant in meteorites as compared to the Earth minerals, and therefore troilite from Canyon Diablo meteorite is chosen as the international sulfur isotope ratio standard.

Hydrocodone can usually be successfully used with duloxetine ( Cymbalta ) for neuropathic pain, especially that from diabetic neuropathy, provided that the patient has normal relative and absolute levels of Cytochrome P450-related liver enzymes.

The authors proposed that both thin ( pain ) and large diameter ( touch, pressure, vibration ) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt.

Like many other people suffering from pain disorders, those afflicted with vulvodynia may often be impacted by the frustration of finding a diagnosis, subsequently confronted with an area of medicine that is still in relative infancy.

It has the advantage of only limited pain and a short time of healing relative to circumcision, and avoids cosmetic effects.

Focus is prioritized by an alerting " algedonic loop " feedback: a sensitivity to both pain and pleasure produced from under-performance or over-performance relative to a standard capability.

Colic ( from Greek kolikos, relative to the colon ) is a form of pain which starts and stops abruptly.

This failure to adequately treat pain may be due to physicians ' fear of being accused of over-prescribing ( see for instance the case of Dr William Hurwitz ), despite the relative rarity of prosecutions, or physicians ' poor understanding of the health risks attached to opioid prescription.

Specifically, Harris emphasizes reports of Wilder ’ s experiments stimulating small areas of the brains of conscious patients undergoing brain surgery ( the brain does not have any pain receptors, so this can be done in relative comfort for the patient ).

A separate 2006 systematic review of herbal medications for low back pain reached the conclusion that a standardized daily dose between 50 and 100 mg of harpagoside performed better than a placebo, and an unspecified dose of harpagoside demonstrated relative equivalence to 12. 5 mg per day of Vioxx.

The Schmidt Sting Pain Index is a pain scale rating the relative pain caused by different Hymenopteran stings.

Associated pain often seems large relative to the physical symptoms.

The defense counsel will then make a " plea in mitigation " ( also called " submissions on penalty ") wherein he or she will attempt to mitigate the relative seriousness of the offense and heavily refer to and rely upon the defendant's previous good character and good works ( if any ).

Ealdred supported Harold as king, but when Harold was defeated at the Battle of Hastings, Ealdred backed Edgar the Ætheling and then endorsed King William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy and a distant relative of King Edward's.

Theorem: If K < sub > 1 </ sub > and K < sub > 2 </ sub > are the complexity functions relative to description languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub >, then there is a constant c – which depends only on the languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub > chosen – such that

The amount of analyte present is then determined relative to the internal standard as a calibrant.

The condition number of ƒ at a point x ( specifically, its relative condition number ) is then defined to be the maximum ratio of the fractional change in ƒ ( x ) to any fractional change in x, in the limit where the change δx in x becomes infinitesimally small:

If the orientation of the tangent relative to some starting position is θ ( s ), then ρ ( s ) is defined by the derivative dθ / ds:

Free water would then move out of the cells to decrease this relative hypertonicity.

:" Deprogrammers are people who, at the request of a parent or other close relative, will have a member of a religious sect seized, then hold him against his will and subject him to mental, emotional, and even physical pressures until he renounces his religious beliefs.

These changes then automatically accounted for the constancy of the speed of light and all electromagnetic radiation, from the viewpoints of all observers — even those in relative motion.

He moved to Rome in 1619 and started working for Carlo Maderno, his distant relative, at St. Peter's and then also at the Palazzo Barberini.

If the cooling is sufficiently rapid ( relative to the characteristic crystallization time ) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at T < sub > g </ sub >.

If the length of the intervals on the x-axis are all 1, then a histogram is identical to a relative frequency plot.

An inertial frame was then one in uniform translation relative to absolute space.

Second, if the price of x falls for a fixed, then its relative price falls.

Think of the DN as the full file path and the RDN as its relative filename in its parent folder ( e. g. if / foo / bar / myfile. txt were the DN, then myfile. txt would be the RDN ).

This pattern is modified by adabiatic effects as rising air masses cool and drop their moisture content on windward slopes, then warm up as they descend so relative humidity drops.

This law, which is a consequence of the axioms of probability, says that if ( for example ) a coin is tossed repeatedly many times, in such a way that its probability of landing heads is the same on each toss, and the outcomes are probabilistically independent, then the relative frequency of heads will be close to the probability of heads on each single toss.

To say that a set of generating conditions has propensity p of producing the outcome E means that those exact conditions, if repeated indefinitely, would produce an outcome sequence in which E occurred with limiting relative frequency p. For Popper then, a deterministic experiment would have propensity 0 or 1 for each outcome, since those generating conditions would have same outcome on each trial.

An explanation of this is that although the logarithm of the lognormal density function is quadratic in, yielding a " bowed " shape in a log-log plot, if the quadratic term is small relative to the linear term then the result can appear almost linear.

In the first method, the relative number of pregnancies in the study is divided by the number of months of exposure, and then multiplied by 1200.

But if the delay of the output ( relative to the input ) is bounded during a process that operates over an unlimited time, then that signal processing algorithm is real-time, even if the throughput delay may be very long.

For instance, if the population consists of 60 % in the male stratum and 40 % in the female stratum, then the relative size of the two samples ( three males, two females ) should reflect this proportion.

In general, mathematical calculations are performed by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with a mark on one of the fixed strips, and then observing the relative positions of other marks on the strips.