The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors ( lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort ).

The pattern of spots ( reflections ) and the relative strength of each spot ( intensities ) can be used to determine the structure of the enzyme.

Since Bragg's law does not interpret the relative intensities of the reflections, however, it is generally inadequate to solve for the arrangement of atoms within the unit-cell ; for that, a Fourier transform method must be carried out.

Grayscale images, for example, are often represented as two-dimensional arrays ( or matrices ) of real numbers representing the relative intensities of pixels ( picture elements ) located at the intersections of row and column sample locations.

The frequencies where absorption lines occur, as well as their relative intensities, primarily depend on the electronic and molecular structure of the molecule.

Hendrik Kramers had earlier calculated the relative intensities of spectral lines in the Sommerfeld model by interpreting the Fourier coefficients of the orbits as intensities.

The intensities of individual spots on the RHEED pattern fluctuate in a periodic manner as a result of the relative surface coverage of the growing thin film.

Therefore, by analysing the different frequencies of light emitted in fluorescent spectroscopy, along with their relative intensities, the structure of the different vibrational levels can be determined.

The intensities of transitions in spectra are dependent on the relative populations of the energy levels.

The length of a pulse thereby is determined by its complex spectral components, which include not just their relative intensities, but also the relative positions ( spectral phase ) of these spectral components.

He worked on solar spectroscopy and co-discovered a relationship between the relative intensities of certain spectral lines and the absolute magnitude of a star.

Its emission spectrum is not symmetrical with its excitation spectrum and varies in the number of bands and their relative intensities depending on the solvent.

The relative intensities in the light output of these states thus differs for different dE / dx.

A double ring resonator with rings of varying radii in series showing the relative intensities of light passing through on the first cycle.

Experimentally, sp < sup > 2 </ sup > to sp < sup > 3 </ sup > ratios can be determined by comparing the relative intensities of various spectroscopic peaks ( including EELS, XPS, and Raman Spectroscopy ) to those expected for graphite or diamond.

Neurons sensitive to ILDs are excited by stimulation of one ear and inhibited by stimulation of the other ear, such that the response magnitude of the cell depends on the relative strengths of the two inputs, which in turn, depends on the sound intensities at the ears.

The International Centre for Diffraction Data ( ICDD ) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File ( PDF ), including the d-spacings ( related to angle of diffraction ) and relative intensities of observable diffraction peaks.

The mercury ions emit light at characteristic wavelengths, the relative intensities of which are determined by the pressure of the vapor.

The relative intensities of isotopes of sulfur are rather constant in meteorites as compared to the Earth minerals, and therefore troilite from Canyon Diablo meteorite is chosen as the international sulfur isotope ratio standard.

For the purposes of this discussion, the problem of relative prices is encompassed in these two variables, since GNP includes other prices.

By studying these images, they can detect solar system objects by their movements relative to the background stars, which remain fixed.

All of these define the relative numbers of particles in a system as decreasing exponential functions of energy ( at the particle level ) over kT, with k representing the Boltzmann constant and T representing the temperature observed at the macroscopic level.

The use of a casemate instead of a gun turret limited these weapons field of fire, but allowed a larger gun to be fitted relative to the chassis, more armour to be fitted for the same weight, and provided a cheaper construction.

Math., 1858 ) and Ernst Abbe showed that the properties of these reproductions, i. e. the relative position and magnitude of the images, are not special properties of optical systems, but necessary consequences of the supposition ( in Abbe ) of the reproduction of all points of a space in image points ( Maxwell assumes a less general hypothesis ), and are independent of the manner in which the reproduction is effected.

The development of new antipsychotics with fewer of these adverse effects and with greater relative effectiveness as compared to existing antipsychotics ( efficacy ), is an ongoing field of research.

However, although these enzymes can produce oxidants, the relative importance of the electron transfer chain to other processes that generate peroxide is unclear.

The relative importance and interactions between these different antioxidants is a very complex question, with the various metabolites and enzyme systems having synergistic and interdependent effects on one another.

The relative intensity of these peaks depends on the excitation power and temperature of the sample.

Alternatively, these experiments provide an operational definition of what is meant by " absolute rotation ", and do not pretend to address the question of " rotation relative to what?

If the relative priorities of these substituents need to be established, R takes priority over S. When this happens, the descriptor of the stereocenter is a lowercase letter ( r or s ) instead of the uppercase letter normally used.

This serves the role of permanently deactivating these genes, which prevents females getting a ' double dose ' relative to males.

However the increasing use of cropmarks to identify sites in lowland areas has tended to diminish the relative value of these cairns in Neolithic studies.

In these scenarios, the effects attributed to centrifugal force are only observed in the local frame ( the frame in which the object is stationary ) if the object is undergoing absolute rotation relative to an inertial frame.

Light incident at a given point in the space downstream of the slit is made up of contributions from each of these point sources and if the relative phases of these contributions vary by 2π or more, we may expect to find minima and maxima in the diffracted light.

The Indian and African plates ' motions have also been shown to be coupled, with the common element being the position of these plates relative to the location of the Réunion plume head.

For example, machines, unlike humans, can support a wide selection of learning algorithms, and controversy has arisen over the relative ethical merits of these options.

The nature of the organisms — the species, functional groups and trophic levels to which they belong — dictates the sorts of actions these individuals are capable of carrying out, and the relative efficiency with which they do so.

Thus, ecosystem processes are driven by the number of species in an ecosystem, the exact nature of each individual species, and the relative abundance organisms within these species.

If these three home construction projects were measured with the same PV valuations, the relative schedule performance of the projects can be easily compared.

In these cases, the position has been filled by a female relative or friend of the president, such as Martha Jefferson Randolph during Jefferson's presidency, Emily Donelson and Sarah Yorke Jackson during Jackson's, Mary Elizabeth ( Taylor ) Bliss during Taylor's, Mary Harrison McKee during Harrison's presidency, upon her mother's death, and Harriet Lane during Buchanan's.

Plurality voting is also variously referred to as winner-takes-all or relative / simple majority voting ; however, these terms can also refer to elections for multiple winners in a particular constituency using bloc voting.

At these equilibrium prices, the market distributes the products to the purchasers according to each purchaser's preference ( or utility ) for each product and within the relative limits of each buyer's purchasing power.

With isotopic dates, absolute dating became possible, and these absolute dates could be applied fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.