In series 1, the relative light intensity was varied by varying the distance of the lamp from the reaction cell over the range from 14.7 to 29.2 cm..

The last column shows the rate of exchange that would have been observed at a relative intensity of 4 ( 14.7 cm. distance ) calculated on the assumptions that the incident light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the lamp from the cell and that the rate is directly proportional to the incident light intensity.

Mania is always relative to the normal rate of intensity of the person being diagnosed with it ; therefore, an easily-angered person may exhibit mania by getting even angrier even more quickly, and an intelligent person may adopt seemingly " genius " characteristics and an ability to perform and to articulate thought beyond what they can do in a normal mood.

The buoy has cellular modem communications and measures wind speed and direction, relative humidity, air temperature, barometric pressure, light intensity, and the water's depth and temperature, conductivity, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a levels.

The first step is to merge and scale these various images, that is, to identify which peaks appear in two or more images ( merging ) and to scale the relative images so that they have a consistent intensity scale.

Optimizing the intensity scale is critical because the relative intensity of the peaks is the key information from which the structure is determined.

It is well established that when this linear polarized light passes through another polarizer, also called analyzer, the transmitted light intensity could be varied depending on their relative angle θ governed by a cos ^

Over time, different overtones may decay at different rates, causing the relative intensity of each overtone to rise or fall independent of the overall volume of the sound.

The limiting frequencies of a passband are defined as those at which the relative intensity or power decreases to a specified fraction of the maximum intensity or power.

Multipath waves combine at the receiver antenna, resulting in a received signal that may vary widely, depending on the distribution of the intensity and relative propagation time of the waves and bandwidth of the transmitted signal.

A reflection coefficient describes either the amplitude or the intensity of a reflected wave relative to an incident wave.

This is the case because when the angle of scattering changes such that the relative path difference between light scattered from the centre of the illuminated area compared with light scattered from the edge of the illuminated changes by λ, the intensity becomes uncorrelated.

The intensity of a luminaire ( lighting instrument or fixture ) depends on a number of factors including its lamp power, the design of the instrument ( and its efficiency ), optical obstructions such as color gels or mechanical filters, the distance to the area to be lit and the beam or field angle of the fixture, the color and material to be lit, and the relative contrasts to other regions of illumination.

LED drivers based on the PAM technique offer improved energy efficiency over systems based upon other common driver modulation techniques such as pulse-width modulation ( PWM ) as the forward current passing through an LED is relative to the intensity of the light output and the LED efficiency increases as the forward current is reduced.

As the laser scans over the plane of interest, a whole image is obtained pixel-by-pixel and line-by-line, whereas the brightness of a resulting image pixel corresponds to the relative intensity of detected light.

The relative amount of each isoform can also easily and rapidly be determined from staining intensity on 2D gels.

The relative intensity of sound received at each ear as well as the time delay between arrival at the two ears provide information about the horizontal angle ( azimuth ) from which the reflected sound waves arrive.

To generate atomic percentage values, each raw XPS signal must be corrected by dividing its signal intensity ( number of electrons detected ) by a " relative sensitivity factor " ( RSF ) and normalized over all of the elements detected.

* Quantitative accuracy depends on several parameters such as: signal-to-noise ratio, peak intensity, accuracy of relative sensitivity factors, correction for electron transmission function, surface volume homogeneity, correction for energy dependency of electron mean free path, and degree of sample degradation due to analysis.

A study has discovered that men, on average, start perspiring much more quickly than women, then twice as much when they are in the middle of exercising at the same relative intensity.

For the purposes of this discussion, the problem of relative prices is encompassed in these two variables, since GNP includes other prices.

By studying these images, they can detect solar system objects by their movements relative to the background stars, which remain fixed.

All of these define the relative numbers of particles in a system as decreasing exponential functions of energy ( at the particle level ) over kT, with k representing the Boltzmann constant and T representing the temperature observed at the macroscopic level.

The use of a casemate instead of a gun turret limited these weapons field of fire, but allowed a larger gun to be fitted relative to the chassis, more armour to be fitted for the same weight, and provided a cheaper construction.

Math., 1858 ) and Ernst Abbe showed that the properties of these reproductions, i. e. the relative position and magnitude of the images, are not special properties of optical systems, but necessary consequences of the supposition ( in Abbe ) of the reproduction of all points of a space in image points ( Maxwell assumes a less general hypothesis ), and are independent of the manner in which the reproduction is effected.

The development of new antipsychotics with fewer of these adverse effects and with greater relative effectiveness as compared to existing antipsychotics ( efficacy ), is an ongoing field of research.

However, although these enzymes can produce oxidants, the relative importance of the electron transfer chain to other processes that generate peroxide is unclear.

The relative importance and interactions between these different antioxidants is a very complex question, with the various metabolites and enzyme systems having synergistic and interdependent effects on one another.

Alternatively, these experiments provide an operational definition of what is meant by " absolute rotation ", and do not pretend to address the question of " rotation relative to what?

If the relative priorities of these substituents need to be established, R takes priority over S. When this happens, the descriptor of the stereocenter is a lowercase letter ( r or s ) instead of the uppercase letter normally used.

This serves the role of permanently deactivating these genes, which prevents females getting a ' double dose ' relative to males.

However the increasing use of cropmarks to identify sites in lowland areas has tended to diminish the relative value of these cairns in Neolithic studies.

In these scenarios, the effects attributed to centrifugal force are only observed in the local frame ( the frame in which the object is stationary ) if the object is undergoing absolute rotation relative to an inertial frame.

Light incident at a given point in the space downstream of the slit is made up of contributions from each of these point sources and if the relative phases of these contributions vary by 2π or more, we may expect to find minima and maxima in the diffracted light.

The Indian and African plates ' motions have also been shown to be coupled, with the common element being the position of these plates relative to the location of the Réunion plume head.

For example, machines, unlike humans, can support a wide selection of learning algorithms, and controversy has arisen over the relative ethical merits of these options.

The nature of the organisms — the species, functional groups and trophic levels to which they belong — dictates the sorts of actions these individuals are capable of carrying out, and the relative efficiency with which they do so.

Thus, ecosystem processes are driven by the number of species in an ecosystem, the exact nature of each individual species, and the relative abundance organisms within these species.

If these three home construction projects were measured with the same PV valuations, the relative schedule performance of the projects can be easily compared.

In these cases, the position has been filled by a female relative or friend of the president, such as Martha Jefferson Randolph during Jefferson's presidency, Emily Donelson and Sarah Yorke Jackson during Jackson's, Mary Elizabeth ( Taylor ) Bliss during Taylor's, Mary Harrison McKee during Harrison's presidency, upon her mother's death, and Harriet Lane during Buchanan's.

Plurality voting is also variously referred to as winner-takes-all or relative / simple majority voting ; however, these terms can also refer to elections for multiple winners in a particular constituency using bloc voting.

At these equilibrium prices, the market distributes the products to the purchasers according to each purchaser's preference ( or utility ) for each product and within the relative limits of each buyer's purchasing power.

With isotopic dates, absolute dating became possible, and these absolute dates could be applied fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.