In the 9 < sup > th </ sup > edition of the viral taxonomy of the ICTV ( published in 2011 ) the Bombyx mori densovirus type 2 was placed in a new family-the Bidnaviridae on the basis of its genome structure and replication mechanism.

Based on the genome organisation and DNA replication mechanism it seems that phylogenetic relationships may exist between the rudiviruses ( Rudiviridae ) and the large eukaryal DNA viruses: the African swine fever virus ( Asfarviridae ), Chlorella viruses ( Phycodnaviridae ) and poxviruses ( Poxviridae ).

In the single stranded DNA viruses-a group that includes the circoviruses, the geminiviruses, the parvoviruses and others-and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication ( RCR ) mechanism, the RCR endonuclease creates a nick the genome strand ( single stranded viruses ) or one of the DNA strands ( plasmids ).

Ribavirin is a prodrug which appears to interfere with viral replication by inhibiting RNA-dependent nucleic acid synthesis, although the precise mechanism of action is disputed.

As a factual criticism, Benitez-Bribiesca points to the lack of a " code script " for memes ( analogous to the DNA of genes ), and to the excessive instability of the meme mutation mechanism ( that of an idea going from one brain to another ), which would lead to a low replication accuracy and a high mutation rate, rendering the evolutionary process chaotic.

Some however may affect the replication or chromosomal partition mechanism, and other cellular processes.

The mechanism of prion replication has implications for designing drugs.

Others replicate through a bidirectional replication mechanism ( Theta type plasmids ).

Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism by which DNA is replicated in all known cells.

This mechanism of replication was one of three models originally proposed

The elementary explanation of this observation is based on semi-conservative mechanism: one should expect the segregation between daughter strands into different cells after replication, which leads to each descendant cell having exclusively G → A or C → T conversions.

This mechanism may be useful in explaining the drug's general cytotoxic and anti-DNA replication effect ( i. e. its toxicity ) as well as some effect on DNA viral replication.

The first verification of the effectiveness occurred in vitro, The distemper virus was observed to be very susceptible to ribavirin, and 0. 02 to 0. 05 micromols are needed to induce its mechanism of error catastrophe and the inhibitory effect on virus replication by 50 %.

He published over 400 papers ( cited June 2011 ), enabling the scientific community to understand the mechanism of HIV replication.

** Semiconservative replication, mechanism of DNA replication

The molecular mechanism and reason for these patterns is unknown, although it likely related to replication timing and chromatin packing.

Primase also acts as a halting mechanism to prevent the leading strand from outpacing the lagging strand by halting the progression of the replication fork.

The viral DNA polymerase then uses a strand displacement mechanism, as opposed to the conventional Okazaki fragments used in mammalian DNA replication, to replicate the genome.

In 1967, the Okazakis and their colleagues suggested that there is no found mechanism that showed continuous replication in the 3 ’ to 5 ’ direction, only 5 ’ to 3 ’ using DNA polymerase, a replication enzyme.

They hypothesized that if discontinuous replication, involving short DNA chains linked together by polynucleotide ligase, is the mechanism used in DNA synthesis, then “ newly synthesized short DNA chains would accumulate in the cell under conditions where the function of ligase is temporarily impaired .” E. coli were infected with Bacteriophage T4 that produce temperature-sensitive polynucleotide ligase.

The origin of the deviation from Chargaff's rule in the organelles has been suggested to be a consequence of the mechanism of replication.

Cleavage of the RNA flaps involves either endonuclease 1 ( FEN1 ) cleavage of short flaps, or coating of long flaps by the single-stranded DNA binding protein replication protein A ( RPA ) and sequential cleavage by Dna2 nuclease and FEN1.

* Quantum biophysics involves quantum information processing of coherent states, entanglement between coherent protons and transcriptase components, and replication of decohered isomers to yield time-dependent base substitutions.

As it is a group 7 virus, replication involves an RNA intermediate.

In Caulobacter cells, replication of the chromosome involves about 2 million DNA synthesis reactions for each arm of the chromosome over 40 to 80 min depending on conditions.

In short, the process involves specialized polymerases either bypassing or repairing lesions at locations of stalled DNA replication.

Furthermore, the paradigm of database replication for which the serial number check ( and indeed zone transfer itself ) is designed, which involves a single central DNS server holding the master version of the database with all other DNS servers merely holding copies, simply does not match that of many modern DNS server packages.

The fundamental difference between the two methods is that molecular cloning involves replication of the DNA within a living cell, while PCR replicates DNA in the test tube, free of living cells.

Single-stranded RNA replication involves RNA-dependent RNA synthesis which meant that virus-coding enzymes would make partial double-stranded RNA.

Moreover, attempts to falsify a claim, by replicating an experiment, are hard and problematic for it involves tacit knowledge ( i. e. unarticulated knowledge ), matters of time and money and replication of exact similar conditions, which is hard.

This can be done by either transcription targeting, where genes essential for viral replication are placed under the control of a tumour-specific promoter, or by attenuation, which involves introducing deletions into the viral genome that eliminate functions that are dispensable in cancer cells, but not in normal cells.

* passive replication involves processing each single request on a single replica and then transferring its resultant state to the other replicas.

** genetic structure: DNA — DNA replication — nucleosome — genetic code — codon — transcription factor — transcription — translation — RNA — histone — telomere

Duesberg writes, " retroviruses do not kill cells because they depend on viable cells for the replication of their RNA from viral DNA integrated into cellular DNA.

The ancestral genome was complex with at least 41 genes including ( 1 ) the replication machinery ( 2 ) up to four RNA polymerase subunits ( 3 ) at least three transcription factors ( 4 ) capping and polyadenylation enzymes ( 5 ) the DNA packaging apparatus ( 6 ) and structural components of an icosahedral capsid and the viral membrane.

The retroelements ( including retroviruses ) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3 ′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase.

To be more specific, the leading strand receives one RNA primer per active origin of replication while the lagging strand receives several ; these several fragments of RNA primers found on the lagging strand of DNA are called Okazaki fragments, named after their discoverer.

RNase removes the RNA fragments used to initiate replication by DNA polymerase, and another DNA Polymerase enters to fill the gaps.

This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA dependent RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A / B / Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair.

Polymerase chain reaction is a method for selective replication of specific DNA and RNA sequences in the test tube.

During genome replication the circularization acts to enhance genome replication speeds, cycling viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase much the same as the ribosome is hypothesized to cycle.

The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription.

In most cases of natural DNA replication, the primer for DNA synthesis and replication is a short strand of RNA ( which can be made de novo ).

Mutational clouds as predicted by the quasispecies model have been observed in RNA viruses and in in vitro RNA replication.

The RNA genome also has terminal noncoding regions, which are important in replication, and internal regions that encode virion proteins for gene expression.

The DNA genome is transcribed into both mRNA, for use as a transcript in protein synthesis, and pre-genomic RNA, for use as the template during genome replication.

Viruses with RNA as their genetic material but which include DNA intermediates in their replication cycle are called retroviruses, and comprise Group VI of the Baltimore classification.

Some genes of RNA virus are important to the viral replication cycles and mutations are not tolerated.