The temperature was maintained to within about Af for the period of time required to make the measurement ( usually about one hour ).

Samples may be required to be cooled anywhere between room temperature to as low as 15 K.

A Btu is defined as amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one of liquid water by at a constant pressure of one atmosphere.

William Aspdin's innovation was counterintuitive for manufacturers of " artificial cements ", because they required more lime in the mix ( a problem for his father ), a much higher kiln temperature ( and therefore more fuel ), and the resulting clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the millstones, which were the only available grinding technology of the time.

Cold fusion is a proposed type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature, compared with temperatures in the millions of degrees that is required for " hot " fusion.

The latent heat with respect to volume is the heat required for unit increment in volume at constant temperature.

The heat capacity at constant volume is the heat required for unit increment in temperature at constant volume.

In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 ° C is required, and a pressurised dyebath is used.

This has an important impact on the selectivity of the distillation and allows a chemist to optimize a process such that fewer extremes of pressure and temperature are required and less energy is consumed.

Therefore, to obtain optimum performance of the fuel cell, a high operating temperature is required.

* sulfur ( S ), which, while also serving as a fuel, lowers the temperature required to ignite the mixture, thereby increasing the rate of combustion.

Hats and coats are still required while doing outdoor activities in cold weather to prevent frostbite and hypothermia, but the hair on the human body does help to keep the internal temperature regulated.

In some cases, complete amorphization of a target is preferable to a highly defective crystal: An amorphized film can be regrown at a lower temperature than required to anneal a highly damaged crystal.

Typically the liquid lubricant is constantly circulated to and from a cooler part of the system, although lubricants may be used to warm as well as to cool when a regulated temperature is required.

Higher octane fuel delays the time required for auto-ignition at a given temperature and pressure, reducing knock ; so by burning the fuel charge faster, two flame fronts can decrease an engine's octane requirement.

For example, the gain may be required to be 100 times, with a tolerance of 5 % but drift of less than 1 % in a specified temperature range ; the input impedance not less than one megohm ; etc.

The amount of energy required to induce the transition is more than the amount required to heat the water from room temperature to just short of boiling temperature, which is why evaporation is useful for cooling.

Early computers required specialist programmers, and stringent operating environmental control for temperature, cleanliness, and power quality.

The temperature required to anneal steel depends on the type of annealing and the constituents of the alloy.

Finally, the temperature gets high enough that any nucleus can be partially broken down, most commonly releasing an alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) which immediately fuses with another nucleus, so that several nuclei are effectively rearranged into a smaller number of heavier nuclei, with net release of energy because the addition of fragments to nuclei exceeds the energy required to break them off the parent nuclei.

Determining the temperature of a pot of hot liquid required the user to leave the thermometer in the hot liquid until after reading it.

The amount of time required to learn to play or master a game varies greatly from game to game.

The structure varies depending on the access required to the DNA.

The technique required varies depending on the specimen and the analysis required:

The beam of a single transverse mode ( gaussian beam ) laser eventually diverges at an angle which varies inversely with the beam diameter, as required by diffraction theory.

The level of formal education required varies from country to country, from a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full Diploma from an Engineering College ( such as in Australia ) in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.

Without referral to an aether, this physical interpretation of relativistic effects was shared by Kennedy and Thorndike in 1932 as they concluded that the interferometer's arm contracts and also the frequency of its light source " very nearly " varies in the way required by relativity.

The amount required to cause a reaction varies greatly from individual to individual, and depends on the degree of inhibition, which in turn depends on dosage and selectivity.

In Nigeria, the constitution provides that states may elect to use Shari ' a laws and courts, though non-Muslims are not required in any state to submit to Shari ' a jurisdiction and adherence varies by state.

While the encoding default for HTML pages served as XML is required to be UTF-8, the encoding default for a regular Web page ( that is: for HTML pages serialized as ) varies depending on the localization of the browser.

They are not metered and are required by law to charge a flat fare that varies by destination.

The volume of liquid required varies between recipes, but a ratio of 1 part liquid to 3 parts flour is common for yeast breads, while recipes that use steam as the primary leavening method may have a liquid content in excess of one part liquid to one part flour by volume.

What qualifies as " modest " varies in different Muslim societies ; however, women are usually required to cover more of their bodies than men are.

Since power varies with the cube of velocity, the power required for the operation is also less.

In either case, the amount of rehearsal required varies greatly depending on the number and complexity of the formations, and the difficulty of the music.

The majority required for a verdict varies.

The size and complexity of ciné cameras varies greatly depending on the uses required of the camera.

The relative cross-sectional area of steel required for typical reinforced concrete is usually quite small and varies from 1 % for most beams and slabs to 6 % for some columns.

Well drilling can be done either manually or mechanically and the nature of required equipment varies from extremely simple and cheap to very sophisticated.

However, time required to complete a doctorate also varies according to the candidate's abilities and choice of research.

The takeoff speed required varies with air density, aircraft gross weight, lift coefficient, and aircraft configuration ( flap or slat position, as applicable ).

The time required for cremation varies from body to body, and, in modern furnaces, the process may be as fast as one hour per of body weight.

The information required varies by jurisdiction, but generally collects identifying data about both parents and the child ( ren ) involved in the case, including their names, social security or tax identification numbers and dates of birth.

Gate trigger current varies inversely with gate pulse width in such a way that it is evident that there is a minimum gate charge required to trigger the thyristor.