City dwellers who had fought alongside nobles in battles to defend their cities were no longer content with having a subordinate social status, but demanded a greater role in the form of citizenship.

Many climbed through the ranks of royalty, serving as mistress to lesser nobles first, eventually reaching the role of mistress to a king or prince.

By the Middle Kingdom period, as the funeral texts began to be used by members of Egyptian society other than the royal family, the role of Isis as protector also grew, to include the protection of nobles and even commoners.

His mother, Catherine of Valois, was then 20 years old and, as Charles VI's daughter, was viewed with considerable suspicion by English nobles and prevented from having a full role in her son's upbringing.

In the early stages the lowlands and cities may have had some organisation or " council " and the Bishop of London appears to have played a key role, but they were divided politically as former soldiers, mercenaries, nobles, officials and farmers declared themselves kings, fighting amongst each other and leaving Britain open to invasion.

The role of nobles in the Feudal System had yielded to the notion of the Divine Right of Kings during the Middle Ages ( in fact, this consolidation of power from the land-owning nobles to the titular monarchs was one of the most prominent themes of the Middle Ages ).

Although his rule was quite just, unrest was simmering in Sicily because the island played a very subordinate role in Charles's empire — its nobles had no share in the government of their own island and were not compensated by lucrative posts abroad, as were Charles's French, Provençal and Neapolitan subjects ; also the taxes were heavy but they were spent on Charles's wars outside Sicily, making Sicily somewhat of a donor economy to Charles ' nascent empire.

In Japan, Three great nobles are figured playing an important role in the Meiji restoration.

He later took a leading role in the abolition of the privileges of the nobles and the Church.

According to them, those three nobles were either Krum's generals with a major role in the government but without assuming the throne ; or regents to the infant Omurtag.

Simon remained on his estates in France, where in 1209 he was elected captain-general of the French forces in the Albigensian Crusade by his fellow nobles, reportedly after several larger players had turned down the role.

It is depicted as a now-dead language, spoken only by scholars and certain nobles, but still plays a role in the plot of the books.

Unable to implement and exercise the authority of the Parliament or the Crown's rule outside of this environ, and increasingly under the attack of raids by the Gaelic Irish and independent Anglo-Irish nobles, the Palesmen themselves encouraged the Kings of England to take a more direct role in the affairs of Ireland.

In Hurgronje's analysis of Acehnese society, he minimised the role of the Sultan and argued that attention should be paid to the hereditary chiefs and nobles, the Ulee Balang, who he felt could be trusted as local administrators.

By relocating the French royal court to Versailles in the 1680s, Louis XIV further modified the role of the nobles.

They also played an important role as Neapolitan nobles: in particular, Onorato I Caetani was a powerful baron in what is now southern Lazio and one of the main supporters of Antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, Herbert A. Simon, and Fernand Gobet have established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in chess-playing.

During the period of the English Civil War, the role of bishops as wielders of political power and as upholders of the established church became a matter of heated political controversy.

The Goths appear to have established a loose political hegemony over the existing tribes in the region, or at least to have played the leading role in a series of major invasions of the empire launched by a grand coalition of lower Danubian tribes from ca.

The Constitution established: the security of the community, religious freedoms, the role of Medina as a haram or sacred place ( barring all violence and weapons ), the security of women, stable tribal relations within Medina, a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict, parameters for exogenous political alliances, a system for granting protection of individuals, a judicial system for resolving disputes, and also regulated the paying of Blood money ( the payment between families or tribes for the slaying of an individual in lieu of lex talionis ).

Christian missions established a presence in the late 19th century and continue to play a role in Cameroonian life.

In 1928, a division of biology was established under the leadership of Thomas Hunt Morgan, the most distinguished biologist in the United States at the time, and discoverer of the role of genes and the chromosome in heredity.

The American Institute of Chemical Engineers ( AIChE ), established in 1908, played a key role in making chemical engineering considered an independent science, and unit operations central to chemical engineering.

* 1948 – The United Nations passes General Assembly Resolution 194, which established and defined the role of the United Nations Conciliation Commission as an organization to facilitate peace in the British Mandate for Palestine.

The constitutionality of our income tax system — including the role played within that system by the Internal Revenue Service and the Tax Court — has long been established.

It also made Mordred the result of an incestuous relationship between Arthur and his sister and established the role of Camelot, first mentioned in passing in Chrétien's Lancelot, as Arthur's primary court.

A central role of the Lexicon is the documenting of established lexical norms and conventions.

In others, a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, or simply the fact that one has established a non-conforming gender role, can be sufficient for some or all of the legal recognition available.

When independence was proclaimed in 1975, the leaders of FRELIMO's military campaign rapidly established a one-party state allied to the Soviet bloc, eliminating political pluralism, religious educational institutions, and the role of traditional authorities.

He initially gained popularity for recreating the role as Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ), a Tennessee Williams play that had established him as a Broadway star during its 1947-49 stage run ; and for his Academy Award-winning performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ), as well as for his iconic portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One ( 1953 ), which is considered to be one of the most famous images in pop culture.

Their causative role has been established in some of these diseases but not all.

Besides its established role as a diagnostic technique, PET has an expanding role as a method to assess the response to therapy, in particular, cancer therapy, where the risk to the patient from lack of knowledge about disease progress is much greater than the risk from the test radiation.

In 1597, he established the Congregatio de Auxiliis which was to settle the theological controversy between the Dominican Order and the Jesuits concerning the respective role of efficacious grace and free will.

In the mid-1990s, legislation established significant rights for independent trade unions, separate from the government, and enhanced individual rights ; but enforcement is uneven, and the role of the state security agencies, principally the National Security Service ( SNB ), remains central.

There is, however, a role played by organizations such as the International Maritime Organization, the International Whaling Commission, and the International Seabed Authority ( the latter being established by the UN Convention ).

IPI was established by concerned citizens from different religions here in Ethiopia that strongly believe that religions should play an important role in building trust and promoting a culture of peace, healing and reconciliation.

Wobblies also played a role in the sit-down strikes and other organizing efforts by the United Auto Workers in the 1930s, particularly in Detroit, though they never established a strong union presence there.

He also established an interlibrary loan system, and expanded the Library of Congress's role and relationships with other libraries, through the provision of centralized services.

Author Eric Lichtenfeld argues that Eastwood's role as Dirty Harry established the " first true archetype " of the action film genre.

He established the role of intendants, non-noble men whose arbitrary powers were granted by ( and revocable by ) the monarchy and superseded many of the traditional duties and privileges of the noble governors.

During the final century of the Merovingian rule, the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role.

Malcolm's main achievement is to have continued a line which would rule Scotland for many years, although his role as " founder of a dynasty " has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David, and his descendants, than with any historical reality.

The Salian dynasty Salier was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages of four German Kings ( 1024 – 1125 ), also known as the Frankish dynasty after the family's origin and role as dukes of Franconia.

This dynasty was later to become involved with a wave of nomadic invaders known as the Amorites, who were to play a major role in the region during the following centuries.

He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties.

( Adalberon also played a leading role in the dynastic revolution which elevated the Capetian dynasty in the place of the Carolingians.

Anne played a crucial role, for example, in conveying to ambassadors and foreign visitors the prestige of the Stuart dynasty and its Danish connections.

He was given the disparaging epithet the Drunkard () by the hostile historians of the succeeding Macedonian dynasty, but modern historical research has rehabilitated his reputation to some extent, demonstrating the vital role his reign played in the resurgence of Byzantine power in the 9th century.

Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution.

The golden age began with the 4th dynasty, which seems to have furthered the primary role of Memphis as a royal residence where rulers received the double crown, the divine manifestation of the unification of the Two Lands.

Hathor may be the cow goddess who is depicted from an early date on the Narmer Palette and on a stone urn dating from the 1st dynasty that suggests a role as sky-goddess and a relationship to Horus who, as a sun god, is " housed " in her.

A stone urn recovered from Hierakonpolis and dated to the 1st dynasty has on its rim the face of a cow deity with stars on its ears and horns that may relate to Hathor's, or Bat's, role as a sky-goddess.

It is at this point that Moremi Ajasoro, a princess of the Ooduan dynasty by marriage, is said to have come onto the scene ; she subsequently played a significant role in restoring normalcy back to the situation through a now fabled spying mission.

However, Owen Tudor is particularly remembered for his role in founding England's Tudor dynasty – including his relationship with, and probable secret marriage to, Catherine of Valois, widow of King Henry V of England.

Vuk Branković belonged to a noble Serbian family which held a prominent role in 13th and 14th century Serbia under the Nemanjić dynasty.

Women played a much more prominent social role in pre-Joseon dynasty Korea, especially in Silla, which had three reigning queens in its history.

The Serbian identity has been profoundly shaped by the rule of this dynasty and its accomplishments, with the Serbian Orthodox Church who assumed the role of the national spiritual guardian.

Under the Bourbons dynasty of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Taormina did not have a relevant role ; however, it obtained an easier access when part of the Catrabico promontory was partially cut and a seaside road connecting it to Messina and Catania was created.

Its culture played a crucial role in the short lived Gutian Empire of the 22nd century BC, and from the 6th century BC, during the Persian Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded Elam, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use.

Viking influence in the area commenced in the late 8th century, and whilst there is no doubt that the Uí Ímair dynasty played a prominent role in this early period, the records for the dates and details of the rulers are speculative until the mid-10th century.

In Europe, where primogeniture governs succession to all monarchies except those of the Papacy and Andorra, the eldest son ( Spain and United Kingdom ) or eldest child ( Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden ) of the current monarch fills the role of crown prince or princess, depending upon whether females of the dynasty enjoy personal succession rights.

Rae nonetheless played a pivotal role in bringing the Progressive Conservative Party's 42-year dynasty to an end.

The Han dynasty witnessed major developments in Classical Chinese poems, including both the active role of the imperial government in encouraging poetry through the Music Bureau, an official agency, and through the collection of Han dynasty folk ballads ( although some of these seem to have perhaps been subject to a post-folk literary polishing, as in the case of the Shijing, the amount of editing is not certain ).