Since a civilizational crisis involves also a crisis in private interests and in the ruling class, reaction is normally found among those who feel themselves to be among the ruling class.

It was not until the co-reigns of Gratian and Theodosius that Arianism was effectively wiped out among the ruling class and elite of the Eastern Empire.

It served as the uniform of the Almoravids, and under their rule, sumptuary laws forbade anybody else from wearing the veil, thereby making it the distinctive dress of the ruling class ( the later Almohads made a point of mocking the Almoravid veil as symbolic of effeminacy and decadence.

It eased the burden of the workers, and determined that membership of the ruling class was to be based on wealth ( plutocracy ), rather than by birth ( aristocracy ).

Her sympathetic renderings of American ruling class made her one of the most successful portrait painters of her era.

Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals.

In the former, the Rump was anxious not to offend the traditional ruling class whose support it needed for survival, so it opposed radical ideas.

In the latter, that ruling class dominated through the influence of traditional regional gentry.

Whether a class action is superior to individual litigation depends on the case, and is determined by the judge's ruling on a motion for class certification.

While Gramsci's views argue that culture ( beliefs, perceptions and values ) allows the ruling class to maintain domination, Marx's explanation is along more economic lines, with concepts such as commodity fetishism demonstrating how the ideology of the bourgeoisie ( in this case, the existence of property as a social creation rather than an ' eternal entity ') dominate over that of the working classes.

Early elections in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males.

Reforms are usually proposed by thinkers who aim to redress societal ills or institute societal changes, most often through a change in the education of the members of a class of people — the preparation of a ruling class to rule or a working class to work, the social hygiene of a lower or immigrant class, the preparation of citizens in a democracy or republic, etc.

For instance, some argue that modern representative democracy is a realization of political egalitarianism, while in reality, most political power still resides in the hands of a ruling class, rather than in the hands of the people.

For Marx, what defined feudalism was that the power of the ruling class ( the aristocracy ) rested on their control of arable land, leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under serfdom.

At this time, Virginia and other southern colonies had become a slave society, in which slaveholders formed the ruling class and the economy was based on slave labor.

This practice, due to its illegality, has generally become favored by groups excluded from the political mainstream ( e. g. far-left or far-right groups ) who justify their activity by pointing out that they do not have the money – or sometimes the desire – to buy advertising to get their message across, and that a " ruling class " or " establishment " control the mainstream press, systematically excluding the radical / alternative point of view.

The Visigothic ruling class looked to Constantinople for style and technology while the rivals of Visigothic power and culture were the Catholic bishops – and a brief incursion of Byzantine power in Córdoba.

Nevertheless, impulses still exist among the ruling elite to rationalize and thus to perpetuate the need for centralized and authoritarian practices.

But while he had reported some success against the rebels, Tombalbaye started behaving more and more irrationally and brutally, continuously eroding his consensus among the southern elites, which dominated all key positions in the army, the civil service and the ruling party.

The ABC was largely forgotten until it became the focus of the lawsuit Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, the ruling of which invalidated the ENIAC patent ( and several others ) as, among many reasons, having been anticipated by Atanasoff's work.

Taking advantage of liberalization by the unpopular ruling leftist / nationalist FLN regime, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men.

Like many German territories, Mecklenburg was sometimes partitioned and re-partitioned among different members of the ruling dynasty.

The Merovingian ruling family were sometimes referred to as the " long-haired kings " ( Latin reges criniti ) by contemporaries, as their long hair distinguished them among the Franks, who commonly cut their hair short.

Those who contend that Ashkenazi Jews should not eat egg matzah on Passover cite Rema ( Orach Chaim ibid., 4 ) ruling that the custom among the Ashkenazim is to refrain from eating egg matzah on Passover, unless it is necessary for children or the elderly who would have difficulty eating regular matzah.

The collapse of the Commonwealth of England in 1660 and the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II discredited republicanism among England's ruling circles.

Stevens took advantage of the dissatisfaction with the ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from the Northern part of Sierra Leone to form the APC ; and Stevens used the Northern part of Sierra Leone as his political base.

This ruling was based on the precedent that the prophet Muhammad did not forbid such self-marriages among Zoroastrians despite coming into contact with Zoroastrians and knowing about this practice.

Fear of communism, extreme revolutionary ideas and ultranationalism caused the sharp fighting among the new ruling elites.

As interest in the tea ceremony rose among the ruling class, so too did demand for fine ceramic implements, and during the course of the Korean campaigns, not only were large quantities of prized ceramic ware confiscated, many Korean artisans were forcibly relocated to Japan.

The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races ; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmans, the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea Islands.

The poll reveals relatively little difference of opinion on the issue among Democrats ( 85 percent opposed to the ruling ), Republicans ( 76 percent ) and independents ( 81 percent ).

This interpretation argues that any large urban center in Mesoamerica could be referred to as " Tollan " and its inhabitants as Toltecs — and that it was common practice among ruling lineages in Postclassic Mesoamerica to strengthen claims to power by claiming Toltec ancestry.

As evidenced by the contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes of Galich ( modern Halych ) and Kiev called themselves " People of Rus '" ( with the exact Cyrillic spelling of the adjective from of Rus varying among sources ), which contrasts sharply with the lack of ethnic self-appellation for the area until the mid-19th century.

In 957 rather than see the country descend into civil war, an agreement was reached among the nobles by which the kingdom would be divided along the Thames, with Eadwig keeping Wessex and Kent in the south and Edgar ruling in the north.

In 1949, and again in 1999, various morganatic members of the Bavarian Royal House were recognised as princes and princesses of Bavaria, with the current head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria, being among the beneficiaries of his father's ruling, having been born of a marriage deemed morganatic.

The townspeople fled to the hills and returned to eke out a living among the ruins ; the ruling class abandoned the city for Venetian Lagoon, according to a chronicle.

In fact, these troops were perceived as a kinf of Pretorian Guard for the ruling party, PAIGC.

Grace O ' Malley's Castle Kildamhnait Castle is a 15th century tower house associated with the O ' Malley Clan, who were once a ruling family of Achill.

Yet a simpler alternative interpretation of the conflict between these two figures is that the Historia Brittonum is preserving traditions hostile to the purported descendants of Vortigern, who at this time were a ruling house in Powys.

Selection by lottery was the standard means as it was regarded as the more democratic: elections would favour those who were rich, noble, eloquent and well-known, while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body, engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of, to use Aristotle's words, " ruling and being ruled in turn " ( Politics 1317b28 – 30 ).

" In the 1999 South Carolina Supreme Court case State v. Gaines, the Court held that Alford guilty pleas were to be held valid in the absence of a specific on-the-record ruling that the pleas were voluntary – provided that the sentencing judge acted appropriately in accordance with the rules for acceptance of a plea made voluntarily by the defendant.

He was twenty when his family, the ruling Umayyads, were overthrown by a popular revolt known as the Abbasid Revolution, occurring in the year 750.

The ruling members of the Antigonid dynasty were:

In 2000, Major League Baseball reversed its decision, ruling that the statistics which were recognized in each year's official records should stand, even in cases where they were later proven incorrect.

It is unclear whether the existing inhabitants were subjugated, with the Batavi forming a ruling elite, or simply displaced.

It mainly consisted of allegations of sectarian spending discrepancies between Protestant Airdrie and Catholic Coatbridge, fuelled by the fact that all 17 of the ruling Labour group were Roman Catholics.

The first president ( Henry Dunster ), the first benefactor ( John Harvard ), and the first schoolmaster ( Nathaniel Eaton ) of Harvard were all Cambridge University alumni, as was the then ruling ( and first ) governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop.

After a few presidents of the Provisional Junta, there were again consuls of the republic, 14 March 1841 – 13 March 1844 ( ruling jointly, but occasionally styled " first consul ", " second consul "): Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán ( b. 1792 – d. 1862 ) + Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero ( d. 1853 ) ( the lasts of the aforementioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army )

This led to further resentment and suggestions that these same freedmen were ruling the Emperor.

Under Khrushchev, an investigation into the matter concluded that the Central Committee had lost its ruling function under Stalin ; from 1929 onwards all decisions in the Central Committee were taken unanimously.

The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into ruling clans ( lineages ) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara.

Elections were held on May 5, 2005, with the ruling coalition maintaining power.

The dissemination of imperial law to the provinces was facilitated under Diocletian's reign, because Diocletian's reform of the Empire's provincial structure meant that there were now a greater number of governors ( praesides ) ruling over smaller regions and smaller populations.

According to Eusebius, a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy, which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday.

In a similar manner, in imperial China, writers of classical Chinese texts were expected to avoid using characters contained within the name of the currently ruling emperor as a sign of respect.

Territories were not necessarily contiguous – many existed in several parts, as a result of historical acquisition, or, in several cases, divisions of the ruling family trees.