Easily the best known of these three novels is The Space Merchants, a good example of a science-fiction dystopia which extrapolates much more than the impact of science on human life, though its most important warning is in this area, namely as to the use to which discoveries in the behavioral sciences may be put.

Algorithmic information theory is the area of computer science that studies Kolmogorov complexity and other complexity measures on strings ( or other data structures ).

The area of research within computer science that uses genetic algorithms is sometimes confused with computational evolutionary biology, but the two areas are not necessarily related.

Within the field of computer science, specifically in the area of formal languages, the Chomsky hierarchy ( occasionally referred to as Chomsky – Schützenberger hierarchy ) is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars.

The cacher usually has to perform a task which teaches him / her an educational lesson about the earth science of the cache area.

Inorganic chemistry is a highly practical area of science.

Many mathematicians feel that to call their area a science is to downplay the importance of its aesthetic side, and its history in the traditional seven liberal arts ; others feel that to ignore its connection to the sciences is to turn a blind eye to the fact that the interface between mathematics and its applications in science and engineering has driven much development in mathematics.

The lower deck of the Mars Habitat Unit provides the primary working space for the crew: small laboratory areas for carrying out geology and life science research ; storage space for samples, airlocks for reaching the surface of Mars, and a suiting-up area where crew members prepare for surface operations.

In a similar way to proof theory, model theory is situated in an area of interdisciplinarity between mathematics, philosophy, and computer science.

The science of extractive metallurgy is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means.

Mineral processing ( or mineral dressing ) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation ( extractive metallurgy ) of valuable metals or minerals from their gangue ( waste material ).

Langmuir said a pathological science is an area of research that simply will not " go away "— long after it was given up on as ' false ' by the majority of scientists in the field.

In the 1930s, the first science fiction conventions gathered fans from a wider area.

In specific disciplines, Stanford was ranked in English ( in the United States ), in modern languages ( 7 ), in history ( 8 ), in philosophy ( 4 ), in geography & area studies ( 4 ), in linguistics ( 3 ), in computer science ( 2 ), in civil & structural engineering ( 2 ), in chemical engineering ( 3 ), in electrical engineering ( 2 ), in mechanical, aeronautical, & manufacturing engineering, in medicine ( 3 ), in biological sciences ( 3 ), in chemistry ( 4 ), in physics and astronomy ( 4 ), in metallurgy ( 4 ), in mathematics ( 3 ), in environmental sciences ( 4 ), in earth and marine sciences ( 6 ), in psychology ( 2 ), in sociology ( 4 ), in statistics, in politics and international studies ( 4 ), in law ( 3 ), in economics ( 3 ), and in account and finance.

The semantics of programming languages and other languages is an important issue and area of study in computer science.

As a transdisciplinary, interdisciplinary and multiperspectival domain, the area brings together principles and concepts from ontology, philosophy of science, physics, computer science, biology, and engineering as well as geography, sociology, political science, psychotherapy ( within family systems therapy ) and economics among others.

Systems theory thus serves as a bridge for interdisciplinary dialogue between autonomous areas of study as well as within the area of systems science itself.

Béla H. Bánáthy, who argued — along with the founders of the systems society — that " the benefit of humankind " is the purpose of science, has made significant and far-reaching contributions to the area of systems theory.

Self-replication in robotics has been an area of research and a subject of interest in science fiction.

It is the oldest award in the area of electrical and electronics engineering, and is presented annually " for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts.

The useful suggestion of Professor David Hawkins which considers culture as a third stage in biological evolution fits quite beautifully then with our suggestion that science has provided us with a rather successful technique for building protective artificial environments.

In fact, the recent warnings about the use of X-rays have introduced fears and ambiguities of action which now require more detailed understanding, and thus in this instance, science has momentarily aggravated our fears.

As time has passed and science has progressed, the speed of military vehicles has increased, the range of missiles has been extended, the use of target-hunting noses on the projectiles has been adopted, and the range and breadth of message sending has increased.

But none of this has prevented scientists, philosophers, and even historians of science, from speaking of the Ptolemaic system, in contrast to the Copernican.

We note that, first, America has already made great contributions in the past two years to the world's fund of knowledge of astrophysics and space science.

`` History has this in common with every other science: that the historian is not allowed to claim any single piece of knowledge, except where he can justify his claim by exhibiting to himself in the first place, and secondly to any one else who is both able and willing to follow his demonstration, the grounds upon which it is based.

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

Thus science is the savior of mankind, and in this respect Childhood's End only blueprints in greater detail the vision of the future which, though not always so directly stated, has nevertheless been present in the minds of most science-fiction writers.

Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long, what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future, have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition.

Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known, though one fact is evident: the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations.

and Robert Sheckley's The Status Civilization ( 1960 ) describes a world which, frightened by the powers of destruction science has given it, becomes static and conformist.

and among works of dystopian science fiction, not all provide intelligent criticism and very few have much merit as literature -- but then real quality has always been scarce in science fiction.

`` The human ego being what it is '', I put in, `` science fiction has always assumed that the creatures on the planets of a thousand larger solar systems than ours must look like gigantic tube-nosed fruit bats.

The objection will be raised that the most important role of philosophy in relation to social science has been omitted, namely the status of ultimate value questions and norms operative in the social sciences.

The absence of successful Negroes in the world of scholarship and science has tended to tamp down enthusiasm among Negro youth for academic careers.

Although science has given us more effective materials, preparations from anise, castorbean, colchicum, nux vomica, mustard, fennel, and stramonium are familiar to many for the relief of human ailments.

He and also Mr. Cowley and Mr. Warren have fallen to the temptation which besets many of us to read into our authors -- Nathaniel Hawthorne, for example, and Herman Melville -- protests against modernism, material progress, and science which are genuine protests of our own but may not have been theirs.

Here I was accompanied by Mrs. Okamoto ( Fumio's mother ), her son, Mr. Washizu ( a prospective student with whom I have been corresponding for more than a year ), and Mr. Nishima, one of the science teachers.

He belonged to a social club, a civic group, little theater, swimming team, and had been president of the student forum as well as treasurer of the science club.

As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.

A common criticism has been that many social science scholars ( such as economists, sociologists, and psychologists ) in Western countries focus disproportionately on Western subjects, while anthropology focuses disproportionately on the " other "; this has changed over the last part of the twentieth century as anthropologists increasingly, also study Western subjects, particularly variation across class, region, or ethnicity within Western societies, and other social scientists increasingly take a global view of their fields.

The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.

" Ever since the time of my ancestor Ali, the first Imam, that is to say over a period of thirteen hundred years, it has always been the tradition of our family that each Imam chooses his successor at his absolute and unfettered discretion from amongst any of his descendants, whether they be sons or remote male issue and in these circumstances and in view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world in very recent years due to the great changes which have taken place including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interest of the Shia Muslim Ismailia Community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age and who brings a new outlook on life to his office as Imam.

While the term — literally meaning " sailing the air "— originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft.

Whether this is a sufficient basis for anthroposophy to be considered a spiritual science has been a matter of controversy.

The defining characteristic of the battle as a concept in Military science has been a dynamic one through the course of military history, changing with the changes in the organisation, employment and technology of military forces.

However, its primary use since at least the late 1980s has been to describe the application of computer science and information sciences to the analysis of biological data, particularly in those areas of genomics involving large-scale DNA sequencing.

The science of this process has been slow to develop due to the secretive nature of the way most companies run their boards, however some standardization is beginning to develop.

As noted above, biomedical engineering has only recently been emerging as its own discipline rather than a cross-disciplinary hybrid specialization of other disciplines ; and BME programs at all levels are becoming more widespread, including the Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering which actually includes so much biological science content that many students use it as a " pre-med " major in preparation for medical school.

The role of judgment and disagreement in science has been recognized since Aristotle and even more clearly with Francis Bacon.