:* Some practitioners consider rheology a sub-field of materials science, because it can cover any material that flows.

The term has the same Greek root as rheology, the science of viscoelasticity and nonlinear flow.

They are in turn used for different areas of science ranging from optics to rheology.

The basis of materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and phases in that material through characterization.

:* Diffraction and wave mechanics, for the science behind characterization systems, e. g., X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) transmission electron microscopy ( TEM )

* Chemical sciences-ORNL conducts both fundamental and applied research in a number of areas, including catalysis, surface science and interfacial chemistry ; molecular transformations and fuel chemistry ; heavy element chemistry and radioactive materials characterization ; aqueous solution chemistry and geochemistry ; mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy ; separations chemistry ; materials chemistry including synthesis and characterization of polymers and other soft materials ; chemical biosciences ; and neutron science.

* The LLNL engineering activities include micro-and nanotechnology, lasers and optics, biotechnology, precision engineering, nondestructive characterization, modeling and simulation, systems and decision science, and sensors, imaging and communications.

Erle Stanley Gardner " had spent more than twenty years practicing law in California, and the knowledge he gained was put to good use in the Perry Mason stories, which hinge on points of law, forensic medicine or science as clever as a watch mechanism ... and also the total lack of characterization ".

It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics with a focus on the synthesis of novel materials and their characterization.

Use of the term in computer programming probably derives from Richard Feynman's characterization of certain practices as cargo cult science.

As genres of popular literature, science fiction and fantasy often seem even more constrained than non-genre literature by their conventions of characterization and the effects that these conventions have on depictions of sexuality and gender.

Its later characterization as anti-intellectual may be seen as contributory to the popularity of anti-communist espionage ( My Son John, 1950 ) and science fiction movies ( The Thing From Another World, 1951 ) with stories and themes of the infiltration, subversion, invasion, and destruction of American society by un – American thought and inhuman beings.

" Such characterization is perhaps inspired by the eccentric behavior of many researchers on the fringe of science ( colloquially and with considerable historical precedent known as mad scientists ).

Shikasta, and the Canopus in Argos series as a whole, fall into the category of soft science fiction (" space fiction " in Lessing's own words ) due to their focus on characterization and social and cultural issues, and the de-emphasis of science and technology.

Other activities included the first use of lasers for environmental research, deployment and retrieval of a solar science satellite, and the performance of plume characterization studies of the reaction control thruster exhaust.

F & SF reviewer Charles de Lint praised the novel, declaring " Forever Free is everything good science fiction should be but so often isn't: a grand adventure into what it means to be human, told through rich characterization and thoughtful scientific ( not to mention religious ) speculation that doesn't lag for a moment.

EIT was originally conceived as a viewfinder instrument to help select observing targets for the other instruments on board SOHO, but EIT is credited with a good fraction of the original science to come from SOHO, including the first observations of traveling wave phenomena in the corona, characterization of coronal mass ejection onset, and determination of the structure of coronal holes.

ICDD promotes the application of materials characterization methods in science and technology by providing forums for the exchange of ideas and information.

Its most important editor, John W. Campbell, Jr., is credited with turning science fiction away from adventure stories on alien planets and toward well-written, scientifically literate stories with better characterization than in previous pulp science fiction.

Eric Winsberg has written about the role of computer modeling and simulation in science generally, but his characterization is applicable to computational neuroscience.

" Under Campbell's editorship, science fiction developed more realism and psychological depth to characterization than it exhibited in the Gernsbackian " super science " era.

The term is also used, especially in the description of algorithms, to mean associative array or " abstract array ", a theoretical computer science model ( an abstract data type or ADT ) intended to capture the essential properties of arrays.

Chemistry is the science of matter, its properties, structure, composition and its changes during interactions and chemical reactions.

Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties.

* Chemistry ( 1947 ) – the science of substances: their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substances ( Pauling ).

These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology.

Their cognitive science of mathematics was a study of the embodiment of basic symbols and properties including those studied in the philosophy of mathematics, via embodied philosophy, using cognitive science.

Chemistry – science of atomic matter ( matter that is composed of chemical elements ), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate the chemical reactions.

As the science of distillation advanced from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance period, juniper was one of many botanicals employed by virtue of its perfume, flavour, and purported medicinal properties.

Using developments in behavioral science and technology, an interactive system ( Technology Assisted Reading Acquisition, TARA ) would enable young pre-literate children to accurately perceive and learn properties of written language by simply exposure to the written form.

A long tradition of inquiries in philosophy, religion, psychology and cognitive science has sought to develop an understanding of what mind is and what are its distinguishing properties.

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field applying the properties of matter to various areas of science and engineering.

Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and characteristics of materials.

The overlap between physics and materials science has led to the offshoot field of materials physics, which is concerned with the physical properties of materials.

The term " additives " in polymer science refers to the chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material properties.

To this end, in their focus on the connection between atomic-scale phenomena and macroscopic properties, the mineral sciences ( as they are now commonly known ) display perhaps more of an overlap with materials science than any other discipline.

Especially, many important properties in natural science, e. g. the periodic system of chemistry, are consequences of the two properties.

For historical reasons, such properties are mainly the subjects of the areas of polymer science and materials science.

In computer science, a search algorithm is an algorithm for finding an item with specified properties among a collection of items.

Initially created for Sierra On-Line by Mark Crowe and Scott Murphy ( who called themselves the " Two Guys from Andromeda "), the games parodied both science fiction properties such as Star Wars and Star Trek ( the theme song itself is a parody of the Star Wars theme ), as well as pop-culture phenomena from McDonald's to Microsoft.

So it is no surprise that the science of acoustics spreads across so many facets of our society — music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more.

Business statistics is the science of good decision making in the face of uncertainty and is used in many disciplines such as financial analysis, econometrics, auditing, production and operations including services improvement, and marketing research.

Fields of cognitive science have been influential in understanding the brain's particular functional systems ( and functional deficits ) ranging from speech production to auditory processing and visual perception.

Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Say ( 1803 ), distinguishing the subject from its public-policy uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.

: The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth, in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object.

In studying such transformations it is always necessary to distinguish between the material transformation of the economic conditions of production, which can be determined with the precision of natural science, and the legal, political, religious, artistic or philosophic — in short, ideological forms in which men become conscious of this conflict and fight it out.

Harvey Mudd today still maintains the highest rate of science and engineering Ph. D. production among all undergraduate colleges and second highest ( Caltech ranks second and MIT third ) compared to all universities and colleges, according to a 2008 report by the National Science Foundation.

Rabinow, a Foucault scholar interested in issues of the production of knowledge, used the topic to argue against the idea that scientific discovery is the product of individual work, writing, " Committees and science journalists like the idea of associating a unique idea with a unique person, the lone genius.

As an inheritor of a dynamic mixture of Arabic and Latin culture, Alfonso was steeped in the rich heritage of humanistic philosophy, and the production of his Libro de juegos reveals the compendium of world views that comprised the eclectic thirteenth century admixture of faith and science.

They are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations .” Following the Russian Revolution, environmental scientists such as revolutionary Aleksandr Bogdanov and the Proletkul't organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism, and " integrate production with natural laws and limits " in the first decade of Soviet rule, before Joseph Stalin attacked ecologists and the science of ecology, purged environmentalists and promoted the pseudo-science of Trofim Lysenko.

Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing techniques ( casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc.

They were especially popular with science fiction fans, who used them extensively in the production of fanzines in the middle 20th century, before photocopying became inexpensive.

This science compares the results of textual science with the results of experimental research of both psychology and artificial intelligence production systems.

As of early 1994, there were thirty-three ministerial portfolios: commerce ; communications ; culture ; defence ; defence production ; education ; environment ; finance and economic affairs ; food and agriculture ; foreign affairs ; health ; housing ; information and broadcasting ; interior ; Kashmiri affairs and Northern Areas ; law and justice ; local government ; minority affairs ; narcotics control ; parliamentary affairs ; petroleum and natural resources production ; planning and development ; railways ; religious affairs ; science and technology ; social welfare ; special education ; sports ; state and frontier regions ; tourism ; water and power ; women's development ; and youth affairs.

The concept is of fundamental importance in laser science because the production of a population inversion is a necessary step in the workings of a standard laser.

Materials science is utilized in the production of many industrially important substances, such as concrete, paint, and chocolate, which have complex flow characteristics.

Sol-gel science ( aka chemical solution deposition ) is a wet-chemical technique widely used in the fields of materials science, glass production and ceramic engineering.

Literary critic Fredric Jameson has characterized the difference between the two genres by describing science fiction as turning " on a formal framework determined by concepts of the mode of production rather than those of religion "-that is, science fiction texts are bound by an inner logic based more on historical materialism than on magic or the forces of good and evil.