By clarifying fundamental premises in the social sciences, and defining the logical problems emergent at the borderlands of each new scientific discipline, philosophy can offer the sort of distinction that can accelerate growth in human understanding.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

" Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient astronomy, as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky by other cultures.

The word computation has an archaic meaning ( from its Latin etymological roots ), but the word has come back in use with the arising of a new scientific discipline: computer science.

Cell biology ( formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos, " contain ") is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.

As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images.

Holzkamp, who had written two books on theory of science and one on sensory perception before publishing the Grundlegung der Psychologie in 1983, thought this major work provided a solid paradigm for psychological research, as he viewed psychology as a pre-paradigmatic scientific discipline ( T. S.

With the emergence of chemical engineering as a discipline at the end of the 19th century, scientific rather than empirical methods could be applied.

This meeting established SETI as a scientific discipline.

In addition, the necessity of considering appropriate protocols, scientific integrity issues and a code of good practice-regarding the study of the abiotic world-is covered by this discipline.

In modern times, the term evolution is widely used, but the terms evolutionism and evolutionist are seldom used in the scientific community to refer to the biological discipline as the term is considered both redundant and anachronistic, though it has been used by creationists in discussing the creation-evolution controversy.

Engineering – discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of people.

The period of 1890-1920 is considered the golden era of educational psychology where aspirations of the new discipline rested on the application of the scientific methods of observation and experimentation to educational problems.

The objections to his work were occasionally fierce: Poincaré referred to Cantor's ideas as a " grave disease " infecting the discipline of mathematics, and Kronecker's public opposition and personal attacks included describing Cantor as a " scientific charlatan ", a " renegade " and a " corrupter of youth.

Geodesy (), also named geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space.

Due to a perceived lack of scientific rigour in and overly descriptive nature of the discipline, and a continued separation of geography from geology and the two subfields of physical and human geography, geographers in the mid-20th century began to apply statistical and mathematical model methods to solving spatial problems.

This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.

In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise.

Others such as Bruce Edmonds and Robert Aunger have focused on the need to provide an empirical grounding for memetics to become a useful and respected scientific discipline.

Geomatics includes geodesy ( scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field, and other geodynamic phenomena, such as crustal motion, oceanic tides, and polar motion ) and GIS ( a computer based system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to the earth ) and remote sensing ( the short or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing devices that are not in physical or intimate contact with the object ).

Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period.

In the 1950s and the 1960s, a behavioral revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept the discipline.

When enough significant anomalies have accrued against a current paradigm, the scientific discipline is thrown into a state of crisis, according to Kuhn.

After a given discipline has changed from one paradigm to another, this is called, in Kuhn's terminology, a scientific revolution or a paradigm shift.

It was therefore not until the publication of J.H. Round's `` The Settlement Of The South And East Saxons '', and W.H. Stevenson's `` Dr. Guest And The English Conquest Of South Britain '', that a scientific basis for place-name studies was established.

And it is this, particularly the establishment of archaeology and place-name studies on a scientific basis, which are immediately pertinent to the Saxon Shore.

conduct, encourage, and promote fundamental scientific research and basic studies to develop the best and most economical processes and methods for converting saline water into water suitable for beneficial consumptive purposes ; ;

Other scientific agencies, both Federal and civilian, supported studies in quantitative electron microscopical approach to microchemistry and microcytochemistry ; ;

The symptoms of a so-called Chinese restaurant syndrome or " Chinese food syndrome " have been attributed to a glutamate sensitivity, but carefully controlled scientific studies have not demonstrated such negative effects of glutamate.

At the end of the 17th century, new scientific concepts in astronomy ( such as heliocentrism ) called astrology into question, and subsequent controlled studies failed to confirm its predictive value.

Astrology is a pseudoscience that has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity.

Some reports and scientific studies affirm that ritualized use of ayahuasca may improve mental and physical health.

In 2001, the scientific journal the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published six comprehensive studies that showed Bt corn pollen does not pose a risk to monarch populations for the following reasons:

Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes ; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information ; doing scientific studies using computers ; making computer systems behave intelligently ; creating and using communications and entertainment media ; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on.

Modern scientific investigations into consciousness are based on psychological experiments ( including, for example, the investigation of priming effects using subliminal stimuli ), and on case studies of alterations in consciousness produced by trauma, illness, or drugs.

A major part of the scientific literature on consciousness consists of studies that examine the relationship between the experiences reported by subjects and the activity that simultaneously takes place in their brains — that is, studies of the neural correlates of consciousness.

All the environmental impact reports and scientific studies have shown that the Cornell lake source cooling system has not yet had and will not likely have any measurably significant environmental impact.

With the exception of the few dietary studies in the urinary tract infection section, conventional medicine has not used most of these alternatives, since limited scientific evidence proves either their effectiveness or subclinical systemic candidiasis is a viable diagnosis.

The MEDLINE database records two independent scientific studies on Dianetics, both conducted in the 1950s under the auspices of New York University.

In 1924, Auguste Lumiere recognized the merits of Marinescu's science films: " I've seen your scientific reports about the usage of the cinematograph in studies of nervous illnesses, when I was still receiving " La Semaine Médicale ," but back then I had other concerns, which left me no spare time to begin biological studies.

Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies is critical to determining the validity of empirical research.

Modern ecology is a young science that first attracted substantial scientific attention toward the end of the 19th century ( around the same time that evolutionary studies were gaining scientific interest ).

All " experts " are now expected to reference their pronouncements to scientific studies.

Critics may dispute the positive interpretation of results obtained in scientific studies of ESP, as they claim they are difficult to reproduce reliably, and are small in effect.

It includes citations of scientific studies performed on zombies, details on the sort of preparation one can make to guard against attacks, and historical examples of zombie outbreaks.