This enabled the development of imitations, such as the camera devised by British electrician and scientific instrument maker Robert W. Paul and his partner Birt Acres.

They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms.

This treatise ( Della pittura ) was also known in Latin as De Pictura, and it relied in its scientific content on classical optics in determining perspective as a geometric instrument of artistic and architectural representation.

* Magnetic anomaly detector, a scientific instrument and anti-submarine warfare detection device

As mentioned before, Rudolf also attracted some of the best scientific instrument makers of the time, such as Jost Buergi, Erasmus Habermel and Hans Christoph Schissler.

Mehmood working in the KANUPP-I where he had developed a scientific instrument, the SBM probe to detect leaks in steam pipes, a problem that was affecting nuclear plants all over the world and is still used worldwide.

* June 26 – David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman, and public official.

* April 8 – David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman, and public official.

* February 16 – Georg Joachim Rheticus, cartographer and scientific instrument maker ( d. 1574 )

The following scientific instruments were mounted on the instrument mast and base:

The scientific experiments were mounted on the instrument mast and base.

A barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.

The identical Voyager spacecraft use three-axis-stabilized guidance systems that use gyroscopic and accelerometer inputs to their attitude control computers to point their high-gain antennas towards the Earth and their scientific instruments pointed towards their targets, sometimes with the help of a movable instrument platform for the smaller instruments and the electronic photography system.

That perception might be either with the unaided human sense or with the aid of an instrument, e. g., microscope or stethoscope, or by other scientific means, e. g., a chemical reagent which changes color in the presence of a particular substance.

The standard modern instrument has a range of three octaves, from the F below middle C ( F3 to F6 in scientific pitch notation ).

The scientific instrument package had a mass of and consisted of:

The scientific instrument package had a mass of 15. 6 kg ( 34. 4 lb ) and consisted of an STL image-scanning television system ( which replaced the NOTS image scanning infrared television system on Pioneer 1 ), a proportional counter for radiation measurements, an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space, a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites, a spin-coil magnetometer to measure magnetic fields to 5 microgauss, and temperature-variable resistors to record spacecraft internal conditions.

Around the upper hemisphere of the hydrazine tank was a ring-shaped instrument platform which held the batteries in two packs, two 5 W UHF transmitters and diplexers, logic modules for scientific instruments, two command receivers, decoders, a buffer / amplifier, three converters, a telebit, a command box, and most of the scientific instruments.

The scientific instruments consisted of an ion chamber and Geiger-Müller tube to measure total radiation flux, a proportional radiation counter telescope to measure high energy radiation, a scintillation counter to monitor low-energy radiation, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the television facsimile system and flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on the instrument platform.

Around the upper hemisphere of the hydrazine tank was a ring-shaped instrument platform which held the batteries in two packs, two 1. 5 W UHF transmitters and diplexers, logic modules for scientific instruments, two command receivers, decoders, a buffer / amplifier, three converters, a telebit, a command box, and most of the scientific instruments.

The scientific instruments consisted of an ion chamber and Geiger-Müller tube to measure total radiation flux, a proportional radiation counter telescope to measure high energy radiation, a scintillation counter to monitor low-energy radiation, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on the instrument platform.

Around the upper hemisphere of the hydrazine tank was a ring-shaped instrument platform which held the batteries in two packs, two 1. 5 W UHF transmitters and diplexers, logic modules for scientific instruments, two command receivers, decoders, a buffer / amplifier, three converters, a telebit, a command box, and most of the scientific instruments.

It was intended that after a completion of its scientific mission of in-flight measurements, Luna-1 would crash into the Moon, delivering two metallic pennants with the Soviet coat of arms that were included into its package.

Procter and Gamble argued in their package that disposable diapers are no worse for the environment than cloth diapers, a claim based on scientific studies funded by Procter and Gamble.

On Apollo 15, 16 and 17 it also carried a scientific instrument package, with a mapping camera and a small sub-satellite to study the moon.

Planned for launch in an elliptical polar orbit in 2013, it will carry a commercial communications system called Cascade and a scientific experiment package called ePOP ( enhanced Polar Outflow Probe ).

* 3D Slicer-a free, open source software package for scientific visualization and image analysis.

When distributed as non-scientific JPEG files the PC portion of the image is shown with the same resolution as the WFC portions, but astronomers receive a raw scientific image package which presents the PC image in its native, higher detail.

In addition to providing users with scientific math functions in a small portable package, the devices also understood a form of the BASIC programming language.

XLispStat is an open-source statistical scientific package based on the XLISP language.

* YAMBO code, a scientific software package ( computational physics / chemistry )

There had not yet supervened between understanding and expression the new languages of mathematics and scientific formulas.

aside from her specifically regional accent, she reveals by the use of the triad, `` irritable, tense, depressed '', a certain pedantic itemization that indicates she has some familiarity with literary or scientific language ( i.e., she must have had at least a high-school education ), and she is telling a story she has mentally rehearsed some time before.

Avicenna created new scientific vocabulary that had not existed before in the modern Persian language.

His results have never been reproduced, and are generally regarded either as meaningless or considered to have had little if any scientific merit.

The treaty was a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific cooperation that had been achieved " on the ice ".

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

Carnegie instead preferred to see things through naturalistic and scientific terms stating, " Not only had I got rid of the theology and the supernatural, but I had found the truth of evolution.

The Times reported in October 2007 that these limits had been " plucked out of the air " and had no scientific basis.

They had hoped that scientific output from the Apollo 16 mission would confirm their suspicion.

By the late 1960s he had started to become interested in scientific areas outside of mathematics.

The Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries.

Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his " second conversion ", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy and theology.

All the environmental impact reports and scientific studies have shown that the Cornell lake source cooling system has not yet had and will not likely have any measurably significant environmental impact.

She was convinced that: " The divine Spirit had wrought the miracle — a miracle which later I found to be in perfect scientific accord with divine law.

I could only assure him that the divine Spirit had wrought the miracle — a miracle which later I found to be in perfect scientific accord with divine law.

The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 was defended on " scientific or economic principals " while the authors of the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 were seen as not having had the benefit of reading Malthus.

Commodore soon had a profitable calculator line and was one of the more popular brands in the early 1970s, producing both consumer as well as scientific / programmable calculators.

Holzkamp, who had written two books on theory of science and one on sensory perception before publishing the Grundlegung der Psychologie in 1983, thought this major work provided a solid paradigm for psychological research, as he viewed psychology as a pre-paradigmatic scientific discipline ( T. S.

In 1924, Auguste Lumiere recognized the merits of Marinescu's science films: " I've seen your scientific reports about the usage of the cinematograph in studies of nervous illnesses, when I was still receiving " La Semaine Médicale ," but back then I had other concerns, which left me no spare time to begin biological studies.

Darwin did not use the term in Origin of Species until its sixth edition in 1872, ( though earlier editions did use the word " evolved ") by which time Herbert Spencer had given it scientific currency with a broad definition of progression in complexity in 1862.

Kaiser Permanente did not change its methods of evaluating whether or not new therapies were too " experimental " to be covered until it was successfully sued twice: once for delaying in vitro fertilization treatments for two years after the courts determined that scientific evidence of efficacy and safety had reached the " reasonable " stage ; and in another case where Kaiser refused to pay for liver transplantation in infants when it had already been shown to be effective in adults, on the basis that use in infants was still " experimental.