The political scientist Michael Barkun discussing the usage of this term in contemporary American culture holds that a conspiracy theory is a belief which explains an event as the result of a secret plot by exceptionally powerful and cunning conspirators to achieve a malevolent end.

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday.

The word was coined by the scientist Michael Faraday from the Greek words elektron ( meaning amber, from which the word electricity is derived ) and hodos, a way.

Some commentators, such as the political scientist Michael Foley, have argued there is a de facto " British Presidency ".

* September 22 – Michael Faraday, British scientist ( d. 1867 )

* Ethel Lilian ( 1864 – 1960 ), who married the Polish scientist and revolutionary Wilfrid Michael Voynich and was the author of the novel The Gadfly.

In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using high pressures and low temperatures.

The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821.

It is named after Joseph Henry ( 1797 – 1878 ), the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction independently of and at about the same time as Michael Faraday ( 1791 – 1867 ) in England.

In his 2003 book A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America, political scientist Michael Barkun notes that a vast popular audience has been introduced by the film to the notion that the U. S. government is controlled by a secret team in black helicopters — a view once confined to the radical right.

Faraday cages are named after the English scientist Michael Faraday, who invented them in 1836.

* Michael M. Thackeray, a materials scientist

The Greek car designer Alec Issigonis created the iconic Mini automobile, while the computer scientist Michael Dertouzos was amongst the pioneers of the internet.

Social scientist William Baillie Hamilton notes that Captain James Cook and his assistant Michael Lane, who mapped Newfoundland in the 1760s, often displayed a sense of humour in the place names they chose, and were not above selecting names that might offend overly sensitive readers.

British scientist Michael Faraday also recognized this property around the same time ; since Faraday published his results first, he became the officially recognized discoverer of the phenomenon.

Michael Anthony Jackson ( born 1936 ) is a British computer scientist, and independent computing consultant in London, England.

First introduced in 2007 by the soil scientist William L. Bland and the environmental sociologist Michael M. Bell of the University of Wisconsin – Madison, holon agroecology draws on Koestler's notion of a " holon " which is both part and whole and develops it with ideas of narrative, intentionality, and incompleteness or unfinalizability, within an ever-changing " ecology of contexts ".

Peter Michael Senge ( born 1947 ) is an American scientist and director of the Center for Organizational Learning at the MIT Sloan School of Management.

Inspired by the works of American scientist Joseph Henry and English scientist Michael Faraday, the circuit breaker was invented in 1836 by an American, Charles Grafton Page.

* Michael Faraday, scientist and lecturer

He was a scientist named Dr. Arthur Leit who had stolen an ultraviolet light beam stolen from Dr. Neal Faraday that blinded Superman.

( son of Edward Frankland, an eminent scientist who discovered chemical valency and also godson of the famous physicist, Michael Faraday ) lived at The Dell and Adrian John Brown F. R. S.

It is sometimes said that Faraday Road ( parallel with High Street and Market Street ) is named in honour of the scientist, Michael Faraday ( 1791 – 1867 ) but it is named after his uncle, Richard Faraday, who was a respected local tradesman.

The lead NASA scientist, Dr. Faraday ( Howard Hesseman ), hears about David and requests that he be taken to the same facility where the UFO is kept.

Around 1830, the English scientist Michael Faraday found that diluted nitric acid would attack steel, but concentrated nitric acid would not.

Mr. Devey first came to Sprague in 1953 as a Product Specialist in the Field Engineering Department, coming from the Office of Naval Research in Washington, D. C., where he was an electronic scientist engaged in undersea warfare studies.

The trial will be held, probably the first week of March, in the famous Old Bailey central criminal court where Klaus Fuchs, the naturalized British German born scientist who succeeded in giving American and British atomic bomb secrets to Russia and thereby changed world history during the 1950s, was sentenced to 14 years in prison.

Seventeen years ago today, German scientist Willy Fiedler climbed into a makeshift cockpit installed in a V-1 rocket-bomb that was attached to the underbelly of a Heinkel bomber.

He was a propagandist -- they weren't afraid of the word, then -- satirist, nature lover, philosopher, scientist, what you will, a member of every party and of no party.

Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski () ( July 3, 1879 – March 1, 1950 ) was a Polish-American philosopher and scientist.

For example, Heinlein was the " dean of science fiction writers " because he was " the scientist " of science fiction.

Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck ( 1630 – 1702 ), and in his turn the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives, learning the basic principles from his father at a young age.

Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( ; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 ), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist.

Alexander Emmanuel Rodolphe Agassiz ( December 17, 1835 – March 27, 1910 ), son of Louis Agassiz and stepson of Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, was an American scientist and engineer.

The concept of allotropy was originally proposed in 1841 by the Swedish scientist Baron Jöns Jakob Berzelius ( 1779 – 1848 ).

" It was more fully published in 1978 by political scientist Steven Brams and mathematician Peter Fishburn.

A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat.

As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity.

Helen Beatrix Potter ( 28 July 186622 December 1943 ) was an English author, illustrator, natural scientist and conservationist best known for her imaginative children ’ s books featuring animals such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit which celebrated the British landscape and country life.

The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane.

The name was really derived from the Norwegian blåhval, coined by Svend Foyn shortly after he had perfected the harpoon gun ; the Norwegian scientist G. O. Sars adopted it as the Norwegian common name in 1874.

This field of study was introduced in 1861 by Scottish scientist Thomas Graham.

One of the most influential contributions to this question was an essay written in 1950 by pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, titled Computing Machinery and Intelligence.

Pablo Picasso's style and name are known even to people who are not interested in art ; likewise many know that Harry Houdini was an illusionist, Bill Gates, an entrepreneur, Albert Einstein a scientist ; Mozart and Beethoven classical composers ; Luciano Pavarotti an opera singer.

September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914 ) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, sometimes known as " the father of pragmatism ".

He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;, ) ( 30 April 177723 February 1855 ) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.

Chromatography, literally " color writing ", was first employed by Russian scientist Mikhail Tsvet in 1900.