After almost two millennia of existence of the Jewish diaspora without a national state, the Zionist movement was founded in the late 19th century by secular Jews, largely as a response by Ashkenazi Jews to rising antisemitism in Europe, exemplified by the Dreyfus affair in France and the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire.

He is the author of " The Lonely Man of Faith " and " Halakhic Man ," an outspoken Zionist, an opponent of extending rabbinic authority into areas of secular expertise, and a proponent of some interdenominational cooperation, such as the Rabbinical Council of America participation in the now-defunct Synagogue Council of America.

In 1904, Rav Kook moved to Ottoman Palestine to assume the rabbinical post in Jaffa, which also included responsibility for the new mostly secular Zionist agricultural settlements nearby.

Kook tried to build and maintain channels of communication and political alliances between the various Jewish sectors, including the secular Jewish Zionist leadership, the Religious Zionists, and more traditional non-Zionist Orthodox Jews.

Per this ideology, the youthful, secular and even anti-religious Labor Zionist pioneers, halutzim, were a part of a grand Divine process whereby the land and people of Israel were finally being redeemed from the 2, 000-year exile ( galut ) by all manner of Jews who sacrificed themselves for the cause of building up the physical land, as laying the groundwork for the ultimate spiritual messianic redemption of world Jewry.

Kook never shied away from criticizing his peers, religious and secular, as well as the increasingly cloistered traditionalists living in the Holy Land, whose way of life he characterized as being similarly affected by the negative and abnormal conditions of the Jewish exile, and therefore just as " inauthentic " as that of their Zionist counterparts.

That said, Rav Kook's willingness to engage in joint-projects ( for instance, his participation in the Chief Rabbinate ) with the secular Zionist leadership must be seen as differentiating him from many of his traditionalist peers.

He was dubbed one of Israel's New Historians, and himself insisted that he was a patriotic Zionist dedicated to celebrating the diversities of cultures within Israel, and to the ideals of a secular state.

Change ) is a Zionist, secular and anti-clerical free market liberal party and political movement in Israel.

In a short period of time most of Bnei Brak's secular and Religious Zionist residents migrated elsewhere, and the city has become almost homogeneously Haredi.

The Religious Zionist Movement is an Orthodox faction within the Zionist movement which combines a belief in the importance of establishing a Jewish state in the land of Israel following a religious way of life, in contrast to both secular Zionism and Haredi Orthodox movements.

The spiritual and ideological founder of the Religious Zionist Movement was Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, who urged young religious Jews to settle in Israel and called upon the secular Labour Zionists to pay more attention to Judaism.

At the age of 82, Ames, saying " I am a secular Jew, but I feel strongly about Israel and the Jewish communities of Europe " became president of the Zionist Organization of America's Los Angeles chapter.

Religious Zionists are the Jewish religious minority of the basically secular Zionist movement who justified, on the basis of Judaism, secular Zionist efforts to build a Jewish state in the land of Israel.

Religious Zionists explained in terms acceptable to the Halakha, the secular, mainly socialist, existentialist Zionist vision where material needs of the people are addressed through practical and realistic solutions, reflected by secular philosophers such as Ahad Ha ' am.

Refuseniks included Jews who desired to emigrate on religious grounds, Jews seeking to immigrate to Israel for Zionist aspirations, and relatively secular Jews desiring to escape continuous state-sponsored antisemitism.

It is important to note, that according to the present judgements of Israel's Supreme Rabbinical Court, the former President of the State of Israel, Ezer Weizmann would not be seen as Jewish, as his mother ( married to Israel's first President and Zionist pioneer Chaim Weizmann ) was a convert who led an unflinchingly secular lifestyle.

Rabbi Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik and his descendants, who settled in Israel, have made their opinion clear that they oppose a secular Zionist state and thus show no support for the Israeli government.

About 8, 600 residents lived in Gush Katif, many of them Orthodox Religious Zionist Jews, though many non-observant and secular Jews also called it home.

The Bund ( The General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia ;, Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland ), a secular Jewish socialist party in the Russian Empire, founded in Vilnius, Poland in 1897 and active through 1920, promoted the use of Yiddish as a Jewish national language, and to some extent opposed the Zionist project of reviving Hebrew.

He declared that the aims of the congress were freedom of religion, right to form associations, freedom of expression of thought, equality before law for every individual without distinction of caste, colour, creed or religion, protection to regional languages and cultures, safeguarding the interests of the peasants and labour, abolition of untouchability, introduction of adult franchise, imposition of prohibition, nationalisation of industries, socialism, and establishment of a secular India.

The political and judicial reforms Amānullāh proposed were equally radical for the time and included the creation of Afghanistan's first constitution ( in 1923 ), the guarantee of civil rights ( first by decree and later constitutionally ), national registration and identity cards for the citizenry, the establishment of a legislative assembly, a court system to enforce new secular penal, civil, and commercial codes, prohibition of blood money, and abolition of subsidies and privileges for tribal chiefs and the royal family.

This vehemence of belief demonstrates that she was, by this time, considered " insane " by secular intellectuals ; it is therefore by all accounts astonishing that she was taken even remotely seriously in later years by the English establishment.

Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment, in 1860, of her nursing school at St Thomas ' Hospital in London, the first secular nursing school in the world, now part of King's College London.

A conflict between Bishop Wilfrid of York and the church and secular establishment led to Wilfrid's expulsion from Northumbria and the division of his vast diocese.

Detailed records of the communities were collected by Rabbi Dr. Aron Tänzer, who served the community from 1907-1937, and who was also a driving force behind the establishment of the secular city library in Göppingen.

The signing on June 28, 1859 of a concordat with the Holy See, which placed education under the oversight of the clergy and facilitated the establishment of religious institutes, led to a constitutional struggle which ended in 1863 with the victory of secular principles, making the communes responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management.

In the Chamber he occupied himself especially with education, fighting the clerical system established by the Loi Falloux, and working for the establishment of free, obligatory and secular primary instruction.

It was recognized by the British after their rule of India but its influenced largely waned after the establishment of the Republic of India, which is secular.

The gradual development of the middle class had as one of its consequences the corresponding secular organisation of musical life, particularly in the first decades of the 19th century, a period that saw the establishment of music ensembles, music societies ( 1827 in Zagreb, then in Varaždin, Rijeka, Osijek etc.

He was a strong advocate for social reform, working for women's suffrage over a long period, and playing an active part in the establishment of a compulsory, free, secular education system.

Researchers think it was originally the home of the Master of The Hospital of St John the Baptist, a large secular establishment.

Among his achievements was the establishment of an education system ( compulsory, free, and secular ) which was later used as the basis of the national system.

The Bangladesh Awami League styles itself as the leader of the " pro-liberation " forces in Bangladesh, promoting secular and social democratic sections of the political establishment in the country which played the leading role during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

Montgelas, again in keeping with principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe that favored the establishment of absolute secular authority over against religion, eliminating such exercises of authority by and resources from church institutions was necessary.

Three other chronicles cover parts of the Visigothic rule of Hispania: the bishop Hydatius, bishop Isidore of Seville, both of the doctrinally unified Catholic Visigothic establishment, and the fragmentary but apparently secular Chronicle of Zaragoza.

The older communities, however, before the general establishment of the public-school system, frequently provided regular instruction in the secular branches.

The establishment of this movement was inspired by the writings of Blessed Cardinal John Henry Newman encouraging societies for Catholic students attending secular universities.

The Syrian Social Nationalist Party ( SSNP ) (, transliterated: Al-Ḥizb Al-Sūrī Al-Qawmī Al -' Ijtimā ' ī, often referred to in French as Parti populaire syrien or Parti social nationaliste syrien ), is a secular nationalist political party operating in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Palestinian territories. It advocates the establishment of a Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent, including present day Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, the Palestinian Territories, Israel, Cyprus, Kuwait, Sinai, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.

Ingalls is a secular establishment and has no parent affiliation.

* His defiance toward the religious and secular establishment gave voice to ordinary people, paving much of the way for the liberal and democratic tradition in Norway and indeed the entire Nordic region.

The excessive entanglement test, together with the secular purpose and primary effect tests thereafter became known as the Lemon test, which judges have often used to test the constitutionality of a statute on establishment clause grounds.

In Abington Township v. Schempp ( 1963 ), the case involving the mandatory reading of the Lord's Prayer in class, the Supreme Court introduced the " secular purpose " and " primary effect " tests, which were to be used to determine compatibility with the establishment clause.

* anthropological ( languages of the nations characterized by a Greek and a Latin heritage ( including the rules of law ), the ( West ) Roman variant of Christian religion ( and its developments during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation ), the use of the Latin alphabet, the separation of spiritual and secular power, societal pluralism and individualism, a common history of the arts ( in their broadest sense ) as well as a common history of education and formation like the establishment of the universities ) ( this is the definition that is used, for instance, by Huntington 45ff.