Two meta-analyses have quantified the role of an elevated serum prolactin.

" If a serum prolactin concentration is greater than three times the baseline when taken within one hour of syncope, then in the absence of test " modifiers ":

#" Elevated serum prolactin assay, when measured in the appropriate clinical setting at 10 to 20 minutes after a suspected event, is a useful adjunct for the differentiation of generalized tonic-clonic or complex partial seizure from psychogenic nonepileptic seizure among adults and older children ( Level B ).

It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk ( lactation ): Increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands of the breasts and prepare for the production of milk.

The serum prolactin level usually rises following an epileptic seizure.

The serum concentration of prolactin can be given in mass concentration ( µg / L or ng / mL ), molar concentration ( nmol / L or pmol / L ) or in international units ( typically mIU / L ).

However, different assays and methods for measuring prolactin are employed by different laboratories, and as such the serum reference range for prolactin is often determined by the laboratory performing the measurement.

A blood serum prolactin level of 1000 – 5000 mIU / L could be from either mechanism, but > 5000 mIU / L is likely due to the activity of an adenoma with macroadenomas ( large tumours over 10 mm diameter ) whose levels of prolactin are up to 100, 000 mIU / L.

However one recent study did find " Oral administration of 70 mg / kg / day of Vitex agnus-castus extract in lactation stages, significantly increased serum prolactin, compared with the control group of rats.

Also, a baseline pituitary hormonal function test should be done, including measurements of serum levels of TSH, prolactin, IGF-1 ( as a test of growth hormone activity ), adrenal function ( i. e. 24 hour urine cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test ), testosterone in men, and estradiol in amenorrheic women.

The higher the prolactin level the lower the chance of normalizing serum prolactin.

In the best medical centers, surgery corrects prolactin levels in 80 % of patients with a serum prolactin less than 250 ng / ml.

Even in patients with large tumors that cannot be completely removed, drug therapy may be able to return serum prolactin to the normal range after surgery.

Following most tonic-clonic or complex partial epileptic seizures, blood levels of serum prolactin rise, which can be detected by laboratory testing if a sample is taken in the right time window.

Value of serum prolactin in the management of syncope.

A fasting serum insulin level of greater than the upper limit of normal for the assay used ( approximately 60 pmol / L ) is considered evidence of insulin resistance.

The trend of serum creatinine levels over time is more important than absolute creatinine level.

The serum level of unbound isopropylmethylphosphonic acid ( IMPA ), a sarin hydrolysis product, ranged from 2-135 µg / L in survivors of a terrorist attack during the first 4 hours post-exposure.

Hyponatremia is defined as a serum level of less than 135 mEq / L and is considered severe when the serum level is below 125 mEq / L.

The presence and severity of symptoms are associated with the level of serum sodium, with the lowest levels of serum sodium associated with the more prominent and serious symptoms.

In the setting of hypovolemia, intravenous administration of normal saline may be effective, but caution must be exercised not to raise the serum sodium level too quickly ( see below ).

A hospital incidence of 15 – 20 % is common, while only 3 – 5 % of patients who are hospitalized have a serum sodium level of less than 130 mEq / L.

Proteins may be administered intravenously to raise the level of serum proteins.

The screening blood test should typically include full blood count, liver function tests, thyroid function tests, lipid profile, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, syphilis serology, calcium serum level, fasting glucose, urea and electrolytes, vitamin B-12, folate.

According to some guidelines, all people with RLS should have their serum ferritin level tested.

Giving 2 mg oral lorazepam will result in a peak total serum level of around 20 ng / ml around two hours later, half of which is lorazepam, half its inactive metabolite, lorazepam-glucuronide.

A similar lorazepam dose given intravenously will result in an earlier and higher peak serum level, with a higher relative proportion of unmetabolised ( active ) lorazepam.

( A serum creatinine level, a simple blood test, is needed to use the calculator ).

To convert from whole-blood glucose, multiplication by 1. 15 has been shown to generally give the serum / plasma level.

The initial test performed is serum A1AT level.

* PiMS: 80 % of normal serum level of A1AT

* PiSS: 60 % of normal serum level of A1AT

* PiMZ: 60 % of normal serum level of A1AT

* PiSZ: 40 % of normal serum level of A1AT

A supply of plague serum finally arrives, but there is only enough to treat existing cases and the country's emergency reserves are depleted.

Towards the end of October, Castel's new anti-plague serum is tried for the first time, but it cannot save the life of Othon's young son, who suffers greatly, as Paneloux, Rieux, and Tarrou look on in horror.

When he contracts the plague, he is the first to receive Dr. Castel's anti-plague serum.

But the serum is ineffective, and the boy dies after a long and painful struggle.

He injects serum and lances the abscesses, but there is little more that he can do, and his duties weigh heavily upon him.

As one UNDP official put it, the CAR is a country " sous serum ," or a country hooked up to an IV.

Although the super-soldier serum is an important part of his strength, Rogers has shown himself still sufficiently capable against stronger opponents, even when the serum has been deactivated reverting him to his pre-Captain America physique.

One molecule that is phosphorylated in the Golgi is Apolipoprotein, which forms a molecule known as VLDL that is a constituent of blood serum.

It is thought that the phosphorylation of these molecules is important to help aid in their sorting for secretion into the blood serum.

Second, unless the specimen is drawn into a fluoride tube or processed immediately to separate the serum or plasma from the cells, the measurable glucose will be gradually lowered by in vitro metabolism of the glucose at a rate of approximately 7 mg / dL / hr, or even more in the presence of leukocytosis.

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis, a hypermetabolic clinical syndrome which occurs when there are elevated serum levels of T3 and / or T4.

In the stress response, serum amyloid A, which is one of the acute-phase proteins and an apolipoprotein, is under the stimulation of cytokines ( IL-1, IL-6 ), and cortisol produced in the adrenal cortex and carried to the damaged tissue incorporated into HDL particles.

Hydrocodone is biotransformed by the liver into several metabolites, and has a serum half-life that averages 3. 8 hours.

Inoculation is the placement of something that will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease.

A truth serum, “ fast-penta ,” is available to law enforcement, military, and criminal groups.

The neurologist or a neuromuscular specialist may run a series of more specialized tests, including EMG / NCS ( this is one of the most important tests ), chest CT ( to rule out paraneoplastic ) and specific blood work looking for voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies, acethlocholine receptor antibody, and serum immunofixation, TSH, ANA ESR, EEG etc.

A positive association exists between serum 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels and bone mineral density, while PTH is negatively associated with bone mineral density.

Estradiol is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years both in terms of absolute serum levels as well as in terms of estrogenic activity.

During menopause, estrone is the predominant circulating estrogen and during pregnancy estriol is the predominant circulating estrogen in terms of serum levels.