The sestina remains a popular poetic form, and many sestinas continue to be written by contemporary poets.

The sestina became popular in Italian literature.

The complexity of the form caused William Caswell Jones to describe it as " impractical " for common use The Chant Royal was the most complicated form of poetry in Northern France during the 14th century, though not as complex as the sestina, which was more popular in Southern France.

The sestina is an example of a complex fixed verse form.

The involvement of the former two poets in giving the sestina its established form, together with the contributions of others in the country, account for its classification as an Italian verse form – despite not originating there.

It was cultivated by his followers, and by other poets on the continent during the following centuries, who developed the " standard form " of the sestina.

This resulted in the sestina being imported into France from Italy in the 16th century ; the first French poet to attempt the form, and the only one prior to the 19th century, was Pontus de Tyard who introduced a partial rhyme scheme.

William Drummond of Hawthornden published two sestinas ( which he called " sextains ") in 1616, which copy the form of Sidney's rhyming sestina.

From the 1930s, a revival of the form took place across the English-speaking world, led by poets such as W. H. Auden, and the 1950s were described as the " age of the sestina " by James E. B. Breslin.

Although the sestina has been subject to many revisions throughout its development there remain several features that define the form.

We cannot here do more than enumerate the leading troubadours and briefly indicate in what conditions their poetry was developed and through what circumstances it fell into decay and finally disappeared: Peire d ' Alvernha, who in certain respects must be classed with Marcabru ; Arnaut Daniel, remarkable for his complicated versification, the inventor of the sestina, a poetic form for which Dante and Petrarch express an admiration difficult for us to understand ; Arnaut de Mareuil, who, while less famous than Arnaut Daniel, certainly surpasses him in elegant simplicity of form and delicacy of sentiment ; Bertran de Born, now the most generally known of all the troubadours on account of the part he is said to have played both by his sword and his sirveniescs in the struggle between Henry II of England and his rebel sons, though the importance of his part in the events of the time seems to have been greatly exaggerated ; Peire Vidal of Toulouse, a poet of varied inspiration who grew rich with gifts bestowed on him by the greatest nobles of his time ; Guiraut de Borneil, lo macsire dels trobadors, and at any rate master in the art of the so-called close style ( trebar clus ), though he has also left us some songs of charming simplicity ; Gaucelm Faidit, from whom we have a touching lament ( plaint ) on the death of Richard Cœur de Lion ; Folquet of Marseille, the most powerful thinker among the poets of the south, who from being a merchant and troubadour became an abbot, and finally bishop of Toulouse ( d. 1231 ).

Weeks before his disappearance, a young poet in Florida, Donald Justice, attempted to write Kees a letter of admiration and to send him a sestina he had written since Kees excelled in that form.

After this, there is an absence of notable sestinas for over 250 years, with John Frederick Nims noting that, "... there is not a single sestina in the three volumes of the Oxford anthologies that cover the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The structure of the sestina is able to produce several effects ; it can be a sign of duress in itself, or serve to echo an existing emotion within the subject matter that it orders.

For example, his fourth book of madrigals for five voices begins with a complete sestina by Petrarch, continues with two-part sonnets, and concludes with another sestina: therefore the entire book can be heard as a unified composition with each madrigal a subsidiary part.

A sestina ( ; or ; also known as sestine, sextine, sextain or sesta rima ) is a structured 39-line poem consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, followed by a three-line stanza, known either as an envoi or tornada.

Nevertheless, variants of the sestina were imitated and developed by Daniel's contemporaries – such as Guilhem Peire Cazals de Caortz – and by subsequent troubadours.

" Sestina: Altaforte " by Ezra Pound and " Paysage moralisé " by W. H. Auden are distinguished modern examples of the sestina.

The sestina is composed of six stanzas of six lines ( sixains ), followed by a stanza of three lines ( a tercet ).

Other poets on the continent cultivated the sestina during the 13 – 15th centuries, including Dante and Petrarch in Italy, and Luís de Camões in Portugal.

There is no rhyme within the stanzas ; instead the sestina is structured through a recurrent pattern of the words that end each line, a technique known as " lexical repetition ".

Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, and the sestina.

Graphical representation of the algorithm for ordering the end-words in a sestina

By the end of the 1570s he was well-connected with the composers of the Venetian school ( for example Claudio Merulo and Giovanni Gabrieli ) since he collaborated with them in writing a sestina for a ducal marriage.

This repetition of patterns within a sestina has been given as one of its strengths, though this is also an aspect that has been criticised.

The invention of the sestina is traditionally attributed to Arnaut Daniel, a mathematician and troubadour of 12th-century Provence.

The first appearance of the sestina in English print is " Ye wastefull woodes ", comprising lines 151 – 89 of the August Æglogue in Edmund Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar, published in 1579.

In the same volume ( Poems and Ballads, Second Series, 1878 ) Swinburne introduces a " double sestina " (" The Complaint of Lisa ") that is unlike Sidney's: it comprises 12 stanzas of 12 iambic pentameter lines each, the first stanza rhyming abcabdcefedf.

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