East-West communications – the Pony Express, transcontinental telegraph line, and the transcontinental stage line carrying the mails – followed the Oregon Trail to Fort Laramie and over South Pass until 1862, when Indian attacks forced the stage line to shift its line to the Overland Trail.

Since the 19th century, US foreign policy also has been characterized by a shift from the realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations.

However, the 1978 crackdown on Iraqi Communists and a shift of trade toward the West strained Iraqi relations with the Soviet Union ; Iraq then took on a more Western orientation until the Gulf War in 1991.

The polarization dependent phase shift is also the reason why TE and TM guided modes have different dispersion relations.

Although he continued to write for boys, Alger explored subjects like violence and " openness in the relations between the sexes and generations "; Hoyt attributes this shift to the decline of Puritan ethics in America.

This decisive shift in the balance of power in civil-military relations in France in 1958, and the threat of force was the main, immediate factor in the return of de Gaulle to power in France.

His later works deal less with race relations than with character-driven issues, such as with Allen Choice, whose name (" Choice " changed from the Korean " Choi " by his father ) denotes the shift in ethnic identity and themes.

It remains a nodal event because it marked a dramatic shift in United States – Chile relations.

Management issued a statement on 30 May 2000 responding to criticism of Wits 2001 from the National Education, Health and Allied Workers ' Union ( NEHAWU ), the largest trade union among Wits employees, in which it defended Wits 2001 as constituting the " outsourcing contracts for certain non-core functions, rather than any shift in ownership relations or governance " contra NEHAWU's claims that it constituted privatisation.

As a member of the National Constituent Assembly which began on February 1, 1987, Franco voted for severance of relations between Brazil and countries that develop a policy of racial discrimination ( as was then the case of South Africa ), the establishment of the writ of mandamus Collective ; 50 % more pay for overtime after a forty hour work-week, the legalization of abortion, the continuous shift of six hours of notice proportional to length of service, the union unity, popular sovereignty, the nationalization of subsoil, the nationalization of the financial system of a limiting the payment of external debt burden and creating a fund to support land reform.

Political realism formed the basis of Kennan's work as a diplomat and diplomatic historian and remains relevant to the debate over American foreign policy, which since the 19th century has been characterized by a shift from the Founding Fathers ' realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations.

However, there appears to be a tendency to assume a decline due to a relative shift in centre-provincial relations and problems the state faced.

They question, however, whether such a policy could garner sustained support from a liberal democracy experienced with a moralistic approach to international relations, whether the United States could successfully differentiate necessary versus unnecessary engagement and whether a strategy that focuses on Europe, Asia and the Middle East actually represents a shift from current engagement.

" Such collaboration between NGOs and the WHO forever changed the way that the WHO treats nongovernmental organizations, and in 2002 the WHO constitution was amended to reflect this shift in relations.

By exponentiating these operators, however, that is, by going to the continuous Heisenberg group, H < sub > 3 </ sub >( ℝ ), he showed that he could obtain ( his now eponymous ) braiding relations for the exponential operators U and V, ( which, incidentally, may also be effectively realized on finite-dimensional spaces, through Sylvester's celebrated clock and shift matrices in the finite Heisenberg group, as discussed below ).

His overarching interest is in the paradigm shift from group-centered relations to networked individualism.

Advocates of community policing often cite this shift into vehicles, and away from face to face contact, as a reason for breakdowns in relations with the community.

This signaled a dramatic shift in traditional labor relations and views on the part of the police, who were unhappy with stagnant wages and poor working conditions.

However, relations with their neighbors were often unstable ; for instance, the shift of preference of their northern Tibetan trading partners in a 1906 incident resulted in a massacre which claimed many lives from their tribal group.

In present-day New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the treaty that ended the war marked a significant shift in European relations with the Mi ' kmaq and Maliseet.

This shift in social perspectives is perhaps best shown in the characters of Fainall and Mirabell, who represent respectively the old form and new form of marital relations: sexual power at first and then developing into material power.

Indeed, if there is one area of Porter ’ s work which intellectuals are most critical of it is his overly functionalist definition of class and power that closes down other avenues of critical thought: as Pat Armstrong writes, “ by conceptualizing class in this manner, Porter left out of the theory many of the ways power is used to ensure male dominance in class relations and how those relations shift over time, often through struggle .”

The shift might promote a new phase in the USA-Cuba relations

This event marks a notable shift in public relations strategy for Electronic Arts, which has often been portrayed in a negative light in terms of community support and has never made such a gesture regarding its intellectual property before.

As Athens attracted an increasing number of resident aliens ( metics ), this shift in the definition of citizen worked to keep the immigrant population more sharply distinguished politically.

In many new fleets, particularly in local transit systems, there is an increasing shift to low-floor buses primarily for easier accessibility.

This is partly attributed to a shift away from private motoring due to growing road congestion and increasing petrol prices, but also to the fact that travelling in general ( for all modes ) has increased with affluency.

This group opposed what they saw as a leftward shift in Labour policy, the increasing prominence within the party of Tony Benn, and the involvement of trade unions in choosing the leader of the Labour Party.

The crucial differences with the previous wave can be seen in the downward shift in melodies, increasing durations of movements, the acceptance of Mozart and Haydn as paradigmatic, the greater use of keyboard resources, the shift from " vocal " writing to " pianistic " writing, the growing pull of the minor and of modal ambiguity, and the increasing importance of varying accompanying figures to bring " texture " forward as an element in music.

This causes the equation to shift right, essentially increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing a more acidic pH.

This mode replaced the slow bit-banging serial routines of the 1541 with a true serial shift register implemented in hardware, thus dramatically increasing the drive speed.

Other reasons include: a ) changes in plant canopy caused by shifts in plant biomass production associated with moisture regime ; b ) changes in litter cover on the ground caused by changes in both plant residue decomposition rates driven by temperature and moisture dependent soil microbial activity as well as plant biomass production rates ; c ) changes in soil moisture due to shifting precipitation regimes and evapo-transpiration rates, which changes infiltration and runoff ratios ; d ) soil erodibility changes due to decrease in soil organic matter concentrations in soils that lead to a soil structure that is more susceptible to erosion and increased runoff due to increased soil surface sealing and crusting ; e ) a shift of winter precipitation from non-erosive snow to erosive rainfall due to increasing winter temperatures ; f ) melting of permafrost, which induces an erodible soil state from a previously non-erodible one ; and g ) shifts in land use made necessary to accommodate new climatic regimes.

The increasing popularity of Windows prompted Microsoft to shift its development focus from cooperating on OS / 2 with IBM to building a franchise based on Windows.

Suggested mechanisms for the latter include large or multiple bolide impact events, increased volcanism, coal / gas fires and explosions from the Siberian Traps, and sudden release of methane clathrate from the sea floor ; gradual changes include sea-level change, anoxia, increasing aridity, and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change.

The shift to the cities was also caused by their strong birth rates in the early 20th century, with the existing rural farms in Māori ownership having increasing difficulty in providing enough jobs.

In a linear phase system ( with non-inverting gain ), both and are constant and equal to the same overall delay of the system and the unwrapped phase shift of the system is negative with magnitude increasing linearly with frequency ω.

By the mid 1970s, as other cities became increasingly choked in traffic and air pollution, Melbourne was convinced that its decision to retain its trams was the correct one, even though patronage had been declining since the 1950s in the face of increasing use of cars and the shift to the outer suburbs, beyond the tram network's limits.

A major decline in manufacturing in northern cities, with a shift of jobs to suburbs, the South and overseas, has led shifts in numbers of residents of all races increasing in suburbs, plus major shifts in population from the North to the Southwest, Pacific Northwest, and South.

This variation of frequency also depends on the direction the wave source is moving with respect to the observer ; it is maximum when the source is moving directly toward or away from the observer and diminishes with increasing angle between the direction of motion and the direction of the waves, until when the source is moving at right angles to the observer, there is no shift.

The red shift with increasing oxidation state of the metal is characteristic of LMCT bands.

A 2009 study in Biology Letters argues: " Sexual differences in 2D: 4D are mainly caused by the shift along the common allometric line with non-zero intercept, which means 2D: 4D necessarily decreases with increasing finger length, and the fact that men have longer fingers than women ," which may be the basis for the sex difference in digit ratios and / or any putative hormonal influence on the ratios.

The decrease in state employment caused a demographics shift, as an increasing percentage of the population became employed in New York City.

In areas of increasing secularisation or a shift in religious beliefs, centres of worship are becoming more common place as often larger churches are sold due to their upkeep costs, instead the church may use community centres or facilities of a local church of another denomination.

Schumacher sought to shift development efforts from a bias towards urban areas and on increasing the output per laborer to focusing on rural areas ( where a majority of the population still lived ) and on increasing employment.

There were no internal discussions of the potential savings that could be derived from new shift patterns, but there was a strong sense that union controls had to be removed before the company embarked on increasing its operations.