Formalist film theory is a theory of film study that is focused on the formal, or technical, elements of a film: i. e., the lighting, scoring, sound and set design, use of color, shot composition, and editing.

Cartridge design evolved from simple paper tubes containing black powder and shot, to sealed brass cases with integral primers for ignition, while black powder itself was replaced with cordite, and then other nitro-cellulose-based smokeless powder mixtures, propelling bullets to higher velocities than before.

Historically, the self-loading design was the successor to the repeating rifle, which stored a number of cartridges within the weapon, but required manual action to load a fresh cartridge before each shot.

William Cameron Menzies, the film's production designer, was hired by producer David O. Selznick to design every shot of the film.

After watching the first shot, the team found the original, whalelike probe design lacking of menace.

In 1888, Patrick Garrett ( known as the Sheriff who had shot Billy the Kid ) along with promoter Charles Greene, joined forces with Eddy to design and build a system of canals and flumes to divert water to their ranches and properties.

Of particular note in this film is the fact that there is only one close-up of a face-the “ I am thinking about the design ” shot.

Indeed, because a single glancing shot could crack many tiles, the placement of the matrix is chosen so as to optimise the chance of a perpendicular hit, a reversal of the previous desired design feature for conventional armour.

The first Ivy shot, Mike, was the first successful full-scale test of a multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon (" hydrogen bomb ") using the Teller-Ulam design.

Following this successful test, the Mike design was weaponized as either the EC-16 or TX-16, but it was quickly abandoned for solid-fueled designs after the success of the Castle Bravo shot.

In addition, a select fire trigger group was added to allow semi-automatic fire ( single shot ) compared to the traditional fully automatic only fire capability of the original MG 42 design.

Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley, inventor of the Prizma color system, cashed in on the growing interest in 3D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design.

Many people were involved in the production, most notably: Nicholas Negroponte, founder and director of the Architecture Machine Group, who found support for the project from the Cybernetics Technology Office of DARPA ; Andrew Lippman, principal investigator ; Bob Mohl, who designed the map overlay system and ran user studies of the efficacy of the system for his PhD thesis ; Richard Leacock ( Ricky ), who headed the MIT Film / Video section and shot along with MS student Marek Zalewski the Cinéma vérité interviews placed behind the facades of key buildings ; John Borden, of Peace River Films in Cambridge, MA, who designed the stabilization rig ; Kristina Hooper of UCSC ; Rebecca Allen ; Scott Fisher, who matched the photos of Aspen in the silver-mining days from the historical society to the same scenes in Aspen in 1978 and who experiment with anamorphic imaging of the city ( using a Volpe lens ); Walter Bender, who designed and built the interface, the client / server model, and the animation system ; Steve Gregory ; Stan Sasaki, who built much of the electronics ; Steve Yelick, who worked on the laserdisc interface and anamorphic rendering ; Eric " Smokehouse " Brown, who built the metadata encoder / decoder ; Paul Heckbert worked on the animation system ; Mark Shirley and Paul Trevithick, who also worked on the animation ; Ken Carson ; Howard Eglowstein ; and Michael Naimark, who was at the Center for Advanced Visual Studies and was responsible for the cinematography design and production.

After moving to England, he settled in a large house formerly owned by Lord Thurlow in West Norwood where he developed his design for an automatic weapon, using an action that would close the breech and compress a spring, by storing the recoil energy released by a shot to prepare the gun for its next shot.

In film studies, formalism is a trait in filmmaking, which overtly uses the language of film, such as editing, shot composition, camera movement, set design, etc., so as to emphasise graphical ( as opposed to diegetic ) qualities of the image.

This design has inherent limitations regarding the amount of pressure that one can achieve ( fully dependent on the user's hand gripping strength ) as well as the need to refill after each shot.

On holes longer than par 3, players are expected to require at least one additional shot made from the fairway or the rough ( usually due to the sheer distance from the tee to the hole, but the design of the hole can influence the number of shots needed ).

Courses may also have other design features which the skilled player will avoid ; there are earth bunkers ( pits or depressions in the ground that are not filled with sand but require a lofted shot to escape ), high grass and other dense vegetation, trees or shrubs, ravines and other rocky areas, steep inclines, etc.

Hired for the show after the pilot was shot, Finnerman would become involved in virtually every aspect of the show including the scripts, lighting, set design, and even directing some of the later episodes.

In the Hyde design for a space fountain a stream of projectiles is shot up through the bore of a hollow tower.

Both analysis and design can be performed incrementally, and the artifacts can be continuously grown instead of completely developed in one shot.

This design has been in regular use on combat vehicles since World War II ; it is typically thick and is usually extremely heavy., it can break after being shot at 2 times

The color design was based on color photographs taken at the same time as the special was shot.

Occasionally, KGB assassinated the enemies of the USSR abroad — principally Soviet Bloc defectors, either directly or by aiding Communist country secret services — The killings of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists members Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera by Bohdan Stashynsky in Munich in 1957 and 1959, as well as the unrelated slayings of emigre dissidents like Abdurahman Fatalibeyli ; the surreptitious ricin poisoning of the Bulgarian émigré Georgi Markov, shot with an umbrella-gun of KGB design, in 1978 ; The defection of assassins like Nikolai Khokhlov and Bohdan Stashynsky severely curtailed such activities however, and the KGB largely gave up assassinations abroad after Stashynsky's defection, although they continued assisting the Eastern European sister services in doing so.

In drawn animation, moving characters are often shot " on twos ", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every two frames of film ( which usually runs at 24 frames per second ), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second.

The Wallace and Gromit movies are shot using the stop motion animation technique.

Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel.

The team did not have the time to wait for the animation department to create the sun for this shot.

This process consists of shooting models and actors, then tracing the shot onto film for animation purposes.

An exception to the 24-frames-per-second rule is when animation is " shot in twos " in which 12 drawings per second are used and the switch to 24 frames per second is for quick events like explosions or " wild takes ".

Using high resolution still cameras, backgrounds can be easily shot for further use with live action and CGI character animation.

It was originally shot by stop-frame animation on 16 mm film, then shot again on 35 mm film in 1976 and finally digitized on computer in 1984.

Clay can also take the form of " character " clay animation, where the clay maintains a recognizable character throughout a shot, as in Art Clokey's and Will Vinton's films.

Through unusual animation techniques the illusion is created that the film consists of one continuous shot or long take.

Like the early Alice Comedies, he planned on using a combination of live-action and animation for the " wonderland " sequences, and in early 1933, a Technicolor screen test was shot with Mary Pickford as Alice.

It was announced that the film, like the original shorts, will be based on puppet animation enhanced with modern stop-motion technology and computer graphics effects ( similar to the plans for the Pilot Studio film ), and would be shot simultaneously in two languages – English and Russian.

Stop motion animation can create a disorienting, and distinctive, staccato effect, because the animated object is perfectly sharp in every frame, since each frame of the animation was actually shot when the object was perfectly still.

While all of the animal characters were animated from scratch, the human characters were animated using the rotoscoping technique, in which sequences were shot in live action and then traced onto animation cels.

The titles and credits were shot in stop-motion animation by 3 Peach Animation.

He shot the pilot with live actors in Los Angeles on a shoestring budget and took a flash-based vector animation approach to completing the project, all this years before the making of " Waking Life ".

One of these was merely performance footage of Klaus Nomi, while another featured home movie footage shot by Emily Prager intercut with stop-motion animation.

The emotion sketches depicting Cortex begging for forgiveness inspired the shot design and animation for the game's cinematic introductory sequence.

The first digital matte shot was created by painter Chris Evans in 1985 for Young Sherlock Holmes for a scene featuring a computer-graphics ( CG ) animation of a knight leaping from a stained-glass window.