* Shrinking everything ( a " photomask shrink "), resulting in the same number of transistors on a smaller die, improves performance ( smaller transistors switch faster ), reduces power ( smaller wires have less parasitic capacitance ) and reduces cost ( more CPUs fit on the same wafer of silicon ).

* To give lower system cost, peripherals are integrated with the processor on the same silicon chip.

Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost and multijunction cells with close to 30 % conversion efficiency are now commercially available.

Organic solar cells could cut the cost of solar power by making use of inexpensive organic polymers rather than the expensive crystalline silicon used in most solar cells.

Designing transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost so that there is a trade-off between initial cost and running cost ( also see energy efficient transformer ).

Resin or silicon protected photopaper is widely available at low cost, introducing complete water and rub resistance for dye and pigment inks, although it should be noted that the photopaper itself must be designed for pigment or for dye inks, as pigment particles are too large to be able to penetrate through dye-only photopaper protection layer.

Since the cost of processing a silicon wafer is relatively fixed, using smaller cells and so packing more bits on one wafer reduces the cost per bit of memory.

For example, a-Si layers can be made thinner than c-Si, which may produce savings on silicon material cost.

a-Si cells use approximately 1 % of the silicon needed for typical c-Si cells, and the cost of the silicon is by far the largest factor in cell cost.

Most notable would be solar cells, which are still prohibitively expensive for most markets due to the high cost per unit area of traditional bulk ( mono-or polycrystalline ) silicon manufacturing.

Noyce advocated the use of silicon as substrate — since the material costs would consist of sand and a few fine wires, the major cost would be in the manufacturing process.

; Inverted OLED: In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.

Its main advantage is that it can be included in a silicon integrated circuit at very low cost.

Quantum dots may be able to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of today's typical silicon photovoltaic cells.

The addition of silicon to aluminium also makes it less viscous when liquid, which together with its low cost ( both component elements are relatively cheap to extract ), makes it a very good casting alloy and a fresher metal.

* Low cost silicon implementation based on standard UART / SCI

Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and difficult to produce.

Intel discontinued its MCS-51 product line in March 2007, however there are plenty of enhanced 8051 products or silicon intellectual property added regularly from other vendors.

Designers use 8051 silicon IP cores, because of the smaller size, and lower power, compared to 32 bit processors like ARM M series, MIPS and BA22.

In contrast, enhanced 8051 silicon IP cores now run at one clock cycle per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 450 MHz.

Besides flathead bronze screws, silicon bronze Stronghold nails ( made by Independent Nail & Packing Co., Bridgewater, Mass. ) are used extensively in assembly and Weldwood resorcinol glue is used in all the joints.

Her whole body is made of highly advanced synthetic jelly silicon and with 60 artificial joints in her face, neck, and lower body ; she is able to demonstrate realistic facial expressions and sing while simultaneously dancing.

Arsenic is a common n-type dopant in semiconductor electronic devices, and the optoelectronic compound gallium arsenide is the most common semiconductor in use after doped silicon.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

Also, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a-Si: H in short, is of technical significance for thin film solar cells.

In case of a-Si: H the missing long-range order between silicon atoms is partly induced by the presence by hydrogen in the percent range.

The most investigated example is represented by thin multicrystalline silicon films, where such as the unoriented molecule. An initial amorphous layer was observed in many studies.

Silicon is an alternative to lead ; however, when silicon is used in a brass alloy, the scrap must never be mixed with leaded brass scrap because of contamination and safety problems.

On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single silicon chip called a microprocessor.

When the processors and their interconnect are all implemented on a single silicon chip, the technology is known as a multi-core microprocessor.

Calcium-40 is created in extremely large and hot ( over 2. 5 × 10 < sup > 9 </ sup > K ) stars, as part of the silicon-burning process in which alpha particles are added to silicon atoms.

Polycrystalline silicon is deposited from silane ( SiH < sub > 4 </ sub >), using the following reaction:

An example of silicon based life forms takes place in the Alan Dean Foster novel Sentenced to Prism in which the protagonist Evan Orgell is trapped on a planet whose entire ecosystem is mostly silicon-based.

Appearing only in the Star Wars Expanded Universe is the spice spider of Kessel, a creature made of glitterstim spice and silicon that spun crystalline webs harvested by miners as glitterstim spice, an illegal psychoactive narcotic.

For example, the density of water increases between its melting point at 0 ° C and 4 ° C ; similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures.

To him also is due the isolation of the elements yttrium, beryllium, and titanium, the observation that " silicium " ( silicon ) can be obtained in crystals, and that some meteoric stones contain organic matter.

The depletion region is free of carriers and has a resistance similar to silicon.

The word " felsic " is a term used in geology to refer to silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium.

It is considered archaic now, as the terms " acidic " and " basic rock " were based on an incorrect idea, dating from the 19th century, that silicic acid was the chief form of silicon occurring in rocks.

The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area ; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector.

In dynamic random access memory ( DRAM ) devices, storage capacitors are also fabricated at this time, typically stacked above the access transistor ( implementing them as trenches etched deep into the silicon surface was a technique developed by the now defunct DRAM manufacturer Qimonda ).

More recently, as the number of interconnect levels for logic has substantially increased due to the large number of transistors that are now interconnected in a modern microprocessor, the timing delay in the wiring has become significant prompting a change in wiring material from aluminium to copper and from the silicon dioxides to newer low-K material.

From here the idea of integrating all components on a single silicon wafer came into existence and which led to development in small-scale integration ( SSI ) in the early 1960s, medium-scale integration ( MSI ) in the late 1960s, and large-scale integration ( LSI ) and VLSI in the 1970s and 1980s with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip ( later hundreds of thousands, then millions, and now billions )

The ' metal ' in the name MOSFET is now often a misnomer because the previously metal gate material is now often a layer of polysilicon ( polycrystalline silicon ).

All the historical wafer fab lines are now closed but the site hosts the headquarters of many divisions ( marketing, design, industrialization ) and an important R & D center, focused on silicon and software design and fab process development.

Ceramics such as silicon nitride are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density ( 40 % of steel ).

One odd historical footnote is that Hughes Aircraft had licensed the silicon designs for use in the Advanced Tactical Fighter ( now the F-22 Raptor ), where it apparently continues to be used today.

CUN is now adjacent to the National Library of China and Zhongguancun, which local media refer to as " China's silicon valley ".

The most common detector now is Si ( Li ) detector cooled to cryogenic temperatures with liquid nitrogen ; however newer systems are often equipped with silicon drift detectors ( SDD ) with Peltier cooling systems.

One of the Si < sup >-</ sup >-Si bonds is now 272 pm and its silicon atom has an inverted tetrahedral geometry.

Kirk stops them from killing the creature and explains that the Horta was simply protecting its eggs, the silicon nodules the miners have been collecting and destroying, which are now on the verge of hatching.

High power semiconductors require specialized heat sinks or active cooling systems to keep their junction temperature from rising too high ; exotic semiconductors such as silicon carbide have an advantage over straight silicon in this respect, and germanium, once the main-stay of solid-state electronics is now little used due to its unfavorable properties at high temperature.

Like the bedrock of Silicon Valley was in semiconductors, Silicon Glen also had a significant influence in semiconductor design and manufacturing starting in 1960 with Hughes Aircraft ( now Raytheon ) establishing its first facility outside the US in Glenrothes to manufacture germanium and silicon diodes.

Single p-n junction crystalline silicon devices are now approaching the theoretical limiting power efficiency of 33. 7 %, noted as the Shockley – Queisser limit in 1961.