A simple circuit diagram to show the labels of a NPN bipolar transistor.

Alongside, the invention of the handheld transistor radio in the 1950s lead to users simply just propping it on the dashboards and baskets in bicycles and automobiles respectively with no direct permanent mounting brackets whatsoever as casual users only wanted their audio equipment simple.

* The original unijunction transistor, or UJT, is a simple device that is essentially a bar of N type semiconductor material into which P type material has been diffused somewhere along its length, defining the device parameter.

Unijunction transistor circuits were popular in hobbyist electronics circuits in the 1960s and 1970s because they allowed simple oscillators to be built using just one active device.

The IGBT combines the simple gate-drive characteristics of the MOSFETs with the high-current and low-saturation-voltage capability of bipolar transistors by combining an isolated gate FET for the control input, and a bipolar power transistor as a switch, in a single device.

Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very simple ( e. g., a single transistor ) for each winding.

It had the advantage of being extremely simple — each inverter consisted of just one transistor and two resistors.

This circuit has much better regulation than the simple Zener regulator, since the base current of the transistor forms a very light load on the Zener, thereby minimising variation in Zener voltage due to variation in the load.

In both tube and early transistor sets the model's control surfaces were usually operated by an electromagnetic escapement controlling the stored energy in a rubber-band loop, allowing simple on / off rudder control ( right, left, and neutral ) and sometimes other functions such as motor speed.

The optimal tapping point ( or ratio of coil inductances ) depends on the amplifying device used, which may be a bipolar junction transistor, FET, triode, or amplifier of almost any type ( non-inverting in this case, although variations of the circuit with an earthed centre-point and feedback from an inverting amplifier or the collector / drain of a transistor are also common ), but a Junction FET ( shown ) or triode is often employed as a good degree of amplitude stability ( and thus distortion reduction ) can be achieved with a simple grid leak resistor-capacitor combination in series with the gate or grid ( see the Scott circuit below ) thanks to diode conduction on signal peaks building up enough negative bias to limit amplification.

The lowest cost devices are very simple electronically ( single-frequency, crystal-controlled, generally based on a simple discrete transistor circuit where " grownup " walkie-talkies use chips ), may employ superregenerative receivers, and may lack even a volume control, but they may nevertheless be elaborately decorated, often superficially resembling more " grown-up " radios such as FRS or public safety gear.

Portable radios include simple transistor radios that are typically monoaural and receive the AM, FM, or short wave broadcast bands.

) It is important to have Q < sub > 1 </ sub > in the circuit instead of a simple diode, because Q < sub > 1 </ sub > sets V < sub > BE </ sub > for transistor Q < sub > 2 </ sub >.

A family of simple resistor – transistor logic integrated circuits was developed at Fairchild Semiconductor for the Apollo Guidance Computer in 1962.

The VCR is one of the numerous interesting circuit elements that can be produced by using a JFET ( junction field-effect transistor ) with simple biasing.

They frequently also require a switching element that can be controlled directly, such as a transistor, rather than relying on the voltage across the switch as in the simple AC to DC case.

simple: Heterojunction bipolar transistor

The practical definition may lead to confusion with the definition of a coulomb ( i. e., 1 amp-second ), but in practical terms this means that measures of a constant current ( e. g., the nominal flow of charge per second through a simple circuit ) will be defined in amperes ( e. g., " a 20 mA circuit ") and the flow of charge through a circuit over a period of time will be defined in coulombs ( e. g., " a variable-current circuit that flows a total of 10 coulombs over 5 seconds ").

A simple electric circuit, where current is represented by the letter i. The relationship between the voltage ( V ), resistance ( R ), and current ( I ) is V = IR ; this is known as Ohm's Law.

simple: Electric current

A simple example of this is a single loop of wire with some constant current flowing through it.

* electric field ( see electrostatics ): an especially simple type of electromagnetic field produced by an electric charge even when it is not moving ( i. e., there is no electric current ).

This cell forms a simple battery as it will spontaneously generate a flow of electrical current from the anode to the cathode through the external connection.

However, even simple systems based on this simple logic can be used to represent data that is well beyond the processing capability of current computer systems: see computability for reasons.

Semiconductor lasers are typically very small, and can be pumped with a simple electric current, enabling them to be used in consumer devices such as compact disc players.

In practice, this is like a simple electric circuit, with a current of protons being driven from the negative N-side of the membrane to the positive P-side by the proton-pumping enzymes of the electron transport chain.

However, the typological model in anthropology is now thoroughly discredited, and current mainstream thinking is that the morphological traits are due to simple variations in specific regions, and are the effect of climatic selective pressures.

Quantum tunneling is vital to the operation of many devices-even in the simple light switch, as otherwise the electrons in the electric current could not penetrate the potential barrier made up of a layer of oxide.

The general approach to deriving a quantum gravity theory that is valid at even the highest energy scales is to assume that such a theory will be simple and elegant and, accordingly, to study symmetries and other clues offered by current theories that might suggest ways to combine them into a comprehensive, unified theory.

This presents a particular problem for the power companies, because they cannot compensate for the harmonic current by adding simple capacitors or inductors, as they could for the reactive power drawn by a linear load.

One simple expression for the responsivity R of a photodetector in which an optical signal is converted into an electrical current ( known as a photocurrent ) is

This status may be as simple as " off " or " on ", or the current dimming level, or even the temperature or other sensor reading.

simple: Direct current

The term turnpike probably originated from the gate, often a simple pike, which blocked passage until the fare was paid at a toll house ( or toll booth in current terminology ).

The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire.

( The punctuation system of Aelius Donatus, current through the Early Middle Ages, used only simple dots at various heights.

Other devices which have control electrodes as well as acting as unidirectional current valves are used where more than simple rectification is required, e. g., where variable output voltage is needed.

A simple mathematical representation of Brownian motion, the Wiener equation, named after Wiener, assumes the current velocity of a fluid particle fluctuates.

This short, intense pulse of current, typically 10 < sup > 9 </ sup >- 10 < sup > 10 </ sup > ion pairs, can be measured as a count event using the voltage developed across an external electrical resistor and can be in the order of volts, thus making further electronic processing simple.

In the case of this simple reference, the current flowing in the diode is determined using Ohm's law and the known voltage drop across the resistor R ;

When the Athenian line was ready, according to one source, the simple signal to advance was given by Miltiades: " At them ".

These humble scenes deal with simple, everyday activities, yet they also have functioned as a source of documentary information about a level of French society not hitherto considered a worthy subject for painting.

A simple electric circuit made up of a voltage source and a resistor.

This example illustrates a common occurrence in physical science: when values are related through simple fractions, there is a good possibility that the values stem from a common source.

The fact that elemental masses combined in simple fractions implies that all elemental mass stems from a common source.

Book I holds that the Bible is the ultimate source of religious authority, and its hymns are written to provide the believer, through simple language, with a thorough understanding of its contents.

However, in practice, orbits are affected or perturbed, by other forces than simple gravity from an assumed point source ( see the next section ), and thus the orbital elements change over time.

Here is an example of the source code in use for a very simple " Hello world " program:

But because the simplicity of the One / Good does not allow Intellect to grasp it, what Intellect does is generate a succession of perspectives around its simple source.

To the right is an image showing a simple example of a path of rays recursively generated from the camera ( or eye ) to the light source using the above algorithm.

Craig Joyce and Lyman Ray Patterson, writing in the Emory Law Journal, call this a " too simple understanding ignores the statute's source ", arguing that it is at best a derivative of the Licensing Act.

While subtractive synthesis can be applied to any source audio signal, the sound most commonly associated with the technique is that of analog synthesizers of the 1960s and 1970s, in which the harmonics of simple waveforms such as sawtooth, pulse or square waves are attenuated with a voltage-controlled resonant low-pass filter.

Simple DirectMedia Layer ( SDL ) is a cross-platform, free and open source multimedia library written in C that presents a simple interface to various platforms ' graphics, sound, and input devices.

Examples could include DOS to Win95 or Unix to GNU, using a simple metric like source lines of code to mark the difference.

* ECE 209: Sources of Phase Shift — Gives an intuitive explanation of the source of phase shift in two simple LTI systems.

" From the perspective of God, before constriction in Creation, these three are revealed in their source as a simple ( non-compound ) absolute Unity, as is all potential Creation from God's perspective.

If a simple transmission channel model and data source model is assumed, the BER may also be calculated analytically.

Unlike function generators, which are limited to a simple set of waveforms ; an AWG allows the user to specify a source waveform in a variety of different ways.

The simplest possible radiating source is a point source, sometimes called a simple source.

Recent data suggest that this type of simple scaling factor may not be the most appropriate treatment for complex mixtures of dioxins ; both transfer from the source and absorption and elimination vary among different congeners, and the TEF value is not able to accurately reflect this.

TextEdit is a simple, open source word processor and text editor, first featured in NeXT's NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP.

Prior to Fourier's work, no solution to the heat equation was known in the general case, although particular solutions were known if the heat source behaved in a simple way, in particular, if the heat source was a sine or cosine wave.