* Quantum tunneling, the quantum-mechanical effect where a particle crosses through a classically-forbidden potential energy barrier

* Quantum tunneling for detailed treatment of how tunneling works.

Quantum tunneling and quantum entanglement are interesting areas involving electrons ( or photons ).

* Quantum tunneling

Quantum hydrodynamics ( QHD ) is most generally the study of hydrodynamic systems which demonstrate behavior implicit in quantum subsystems ( usually quantum tunneling ).

simple: Quantum tunneling

* Quantum tunneling

* 1989: Leo Esaki, Pioneer in tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and development of Quantum well structures

The spontaneous decay can only be explained by quantum tunneling in a similar way to the first application of the Quantum Mechanics to Nuclei given by G. Gamow for alpha decay.

Quantum nonlocality is often proposed as a mechanism for superluminal communication.

Quantum oscillations is another experimental technique where high magnetic fields are used to study material properties such as the geometry of the fermi surface.

Quantum brute force is easily defeated by doubling the key length, which has little extra computational cost in ordinary use.

According to a poll at a Quantum Mechanics workshop in 1997 ,< ref > the Copenhagen interpretation is the most widely-accepted specific interpretation of quantum mechanics, followed by the many-worlds interpretation.

Quantum mechanics under the Copenhagen Interpretation interpreted probability as a physical phenomenon, which is what Jaynes called a Mind Projection Fallacy.

A similar view is adopted in Quantum Information Theories.

This has been demonstrated in the famous Lamb-Retherford experiment and was the starting point for the development of the theory of Quantum electrodynamics ( which is able to deal with these vacuum fluctuations and employs the famous Feynman diagrams for approximations using perturbation theory ).

Bernard d ' Espagnat a French theoretical physicist best known for his work on the nature of reality wrote a paper titled The Quantum Theory and Reality according to the paper: " The doctrine that the world is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with facts established by experiment.

" In an article in the Guardian titled Quantum weirdness: What we call ' reality ' is just a state of mind d ' Espagnat wrote that:

A more advanced Quantum II Hyperdrive introduced later is able to cover the same distance in one and a quarter minutes ( 420, 768 x c ).

In Niven's novel Ringworld's Children the Ringworld itself is converted into a gigantic Quantum II hyperdrive and launched into hyperspace while within its star's gravity well.

Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances.

Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at the foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and ( sub ) atomic level.

Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic level of matter ( molecules and atoms ) and the subatomic ( electrons, protons, and even smaller particles ).

Although Schrödinger himself after a year proved the equivalence of his wave-mechanics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, the reconciliation of the two approaches and their modern abstraction as motions in Hilbert space is generally attributed to Paul Dirac, who wrote a lucid account in his 1930 classic Principles of Quantum Mechanics.

The first complete mathematical formulation of this approach is generally credited to John von Neumann's 1932 book Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, although Hermann Weyl had already referred to Hilbert spaces ( which he called unitary spaces ) in his 1927 classic paper and book.

Quantum field theory has driven the development of more sophisticated formulations of quantum mechanics, of which the one presented here is a simple special case.

Physicist Lee Smolin writes in Three Roads to Quantum Gravity that topos theory is " the right form of logic for cosmology " ( page 30 ) and " In its first forms it was called ' intuitionistic logic '" ( page 31 ).

* Quantum mechanics: In quantum mechanics, which deals with the behavior of very small objects, it is not possible to observe a system without changing the system, and the " observer " must be considered part of the system being observed.

Quantum mechanics ( QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory ) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.

Planck is considered the father of the Quantum Theory

Quantum mechanics is essential to understanding the behavior of systems at atomic length scales and smaller.

Quantum coherence is an essential difference between classical and quantum theories, and is illustrated by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.

Quantum field theories are used in many contexts, and are especially vital in elementary particle physics, where the particle count / number may change over the course of a reaction.

* Quantum teleportation is one well-known quantum information processing operation which reliably transfers an unknown quantum state from one point to another distant point, destroying the original state in the process.

Quantum mechanics had enormous success in explaining many of the features of our world.

Quantum theory also provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained phenomena, such as black body radiation and the stability of the orbitals of electrons in atoms.

Quantum field theory on curved ( non-Minkowskian ) backgrounds, while not a full quantum theory of gravity, has shown many promising early results.

Quantum physics works differently in many ways from Newtonian physics.

More recently, novels such as Frederik Pohl's The Coming of the Quantum Cats and Neal Stephenson's Anathem explore human-scale readings of the " many worlds " interpretation of quantum mechanics, postulating that historical events or human consciousness spawns or allows " travel " among alternate universes.

Quantum Link's graphic display was better than many competing systems because it used specialized client software with a nonstandard protocol.

By contrast, it is thought by many mind-body dualists ( e. g. René Descartes, David Chalmers ) that subjective conscious experience constitutes a separate effect that demands another cause, a cause that is either outside the physical world ( dualism ) or due to an as yet unknown physical phenomenon ( see for instance Quantum mind, Indirect realism ).

Among many initiatives in the early years of AOL, Case personally championed many innovative online interactive titles and games, including graphical chat environments Habitat ( 1986 ) and Club Caribe ( 1989 ), the first online interactive fiction series QuantumLink Serial by Tracy Reed ( 1988 ), Quantum Space, the first fully automated Play by email game ( 1989 ), and the original Dungeons & Dragons title Neverwinter Nights, the first Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game ( MMORPG ) to depict the adventure with graphics instead of text ( 1991 ).

This company created a service called Quantum Link which linked together Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 users offering many of the expanded services originally envisioned for GameLine.

For Quantum Dots to be commercially viable in many applications they must not contain cadmium or other restricted metal elements.

Though he did not pursue the sciences as a direct career, it has influenced his work in many ways and he still follows new theories about Quantum Mechanics, and he uses a great deal of technology in his work.

A former Texas Border Patrol agent named Kyle Browning was hired to head security for the Quantum Tunneling Project and accompanied researchers on many of the first jumps.

In the case of a Tonks – Girardeau gas ( TG ), so many properties of this one-dimensional string of bosons would be sufficiently fermion-like that the situation is often referred to as the ' fermionization ' of bosons. Tonks – Girardeau gas coincide with quantum Nonlinear Schrödinger equation for infinite repulsion, which can be efficiently analyzed by Quantum inverse scattering method.

In his paper " The S-Matrix in Quantum electrodynamics ", Dyson derived relations between different S-matrix elements, or more specific " one-particle Green's functions ", in quantum electrodynamics, by summing up infinitely many Feynman diagrams, thus working in a perturbative approach.

There are many calculations that have been done using ab-initio Quantum Methods applied to fullerenes.

Among these many programs, philosophy of Science and Technology and Quantum Optics are designated as state key programs and 20 others are designated as provincial key-or key-constructing programs.

The Quantum Bands can also exert control over many other types of energy that are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Volkenshtein was author of many important scientific articles and monographs in the fields of Quantum Biophysics, Chemistry of Biopolymers, etc.

Quantum Darwinism is a theory explaining the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection ; where the many possible quantum states are selected against in favor of a stable pointer state.

This does not mean that chemistry is never involved with plasma or nuclear sciences or even bosonic fields nowadays, since areas such as Quantum Chemistry and Nuclear Chemistry are currently well developed and formally recognized sub-fields of study under the Chemical sciences ( Chemistry ), but what is now formally recognized as subject of study under the Chemistry category as a science is always based on the use of concepts that describe or explain phenomena either from matter or to matter in the atomic or molecular scale, including the study of the behavior of many molecules as an aggregate or the study of the effects of a single proton on a single atom, but excluding phenomena that deal with different ( more " exotic ") types of matter ( e. g. Bose-Einstein condensate, Higgs Boson, dark matter, naked singularity, etc.

She has made guest appearances on many television shows, including Baywatch, Full House, Freddy's Nightmares, Quantum Leap, Mortal Kombat: Conquest, Cheers, Babylon 5, Mad About You, Wings and The Magnificent Seven.

Gail has made many guest appearances on TV shows such as Cannon, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Due South, The Streets of San Francisco, The Drew Carey Show, Quantum Leap, Psych, Gary Unmarried and NCISWalker Texas Ranger ( Episode " Whitewater ").