For if the small group notion involves the implicit claim that the phenomena of sociological investigations are of atomic or subatomic proportions, the philosopher needs to know the extent to which such entities are valid.

* Tribalism and its sociological meaning-The ancient Germanic custom and notion of weregild represents a quintessential illustration of early-to-middle-stage tribalism-necessarily ethnocentric ( ethnocentrism an anthropological universal among tribal-stage societies )-beginning to attempt to develop conceptual-moral " justice "-the judicial prevention of societal self-destruction by endless, wild, lawless vendettas and might makes right " fist-law ".

In explaining the significance of freedom and the purpose for resisting the enslavement of man via acculturation ( or sociological bondage ), Ellul rejects the notion that this is due to some supposed supreme importance linked to humanity.

In his 1946 essay " Politics and the English Language ", George Orwell wrote: Bad writers – especially scientific, political, and sociological writers – are nearly always haunted by the notion that Latin or Greek words are grander than Saxon ones.

Atomism or social atomism is a sociological theory arising from the scientific notion atomic theory, coined by the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus and the Roman philosopher Lucretius.

The book also argues for the notion of “ color-caste ,” suggesting a sociological similarities between race in the US and caste in India.

Indeed, Adorno sought to ground the critical bite of his sociological work in his critique of identity, which he took to be a reification in thought of the commodity form or exchange relation which always presumes a false identity between different things.

Although sociological studies of Arvanite communities still used to note an identifiable sense of a special " ethnic " identity among Arvanites, the authors did not identify a sense of ' belonging to Albania or to the Albanian nation '.

This cultural environment has often been suggested to have informed his sense of national identity ; later in his life, when political detractors suggested that he was of Kurdish extraction, Gökalp responded that while he was certain of patrilineal Turkish racial heritage, this was insignificant: " I learned through my sociological studies that nationality is based solely on upbringing.

His major sociological work was interested in differentiating Avrupalılık (" Europeanism ", the mimicking of Western societies ) and Modernlik (" Modernity ", taking initiative ); he was interested in Japan as a model in this, for what he perceived to be its having modernized without abandoning its innate cultural identity.

In 2007, Andrew Wilson ( lecturer in criminology at the University of Sheffield ) published the extensively researched sociological study Northern Soul: Music, drugs and subcultural identity.

Also Katya Gibel Mevorach in " Not an innocent pursuit: the politics of a ' Jewish ' genetic signature " notes ; " The author emphasises that identifying individuals as Jewish based on biological criteria is a sociological process that can draw attention away from other social mechanisms affecting identity construction.

As in most continuities, Gordon decides in the Christopher Nolan trilogy that he prefers to remain ignorant of Batman's identity and agrees that his anonymity-even in death-has sociological value.

However, some " sociological " social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior.

* morphological and phonological mechanisms: such as in Yana, a language where one form of all major words are spoken by sociological male to sociological male, and another form ( which is constructed around phonological changes in word forms ) is used for all other combination of interlocutors ; or the Japanese prefix-affixation of o-to indicate politeness and, consequently, feminine social identity.

Because Jewish identity can include characteristics of an ethnicity, a religion, and citizenship, the definition of who is a Jew has varied, depending on whether a religious, sociological, or ethnic aspect was being considered.

sacred — sacred and the profane — sampling — sampling frame — sanction — Sapir – Whorf hypothesis — scapegoating — schizophrenia — science — Second World — secondary data — secondary deviance — secondary group — secondary group structure — secondary labor market — sect — secularization — self — self-consciousness — semi-periphery countries — semiotics — serial monogamy — serial reciprocity — sex — sex role — sex stratification — sexism — sexual harassment — sexual script — sick role — significant other — simulation — situational identity — snowball sampling — for entries beginning with social, see sections below — socialism — socialization — society — sociobiology — sociocultural context — sociocultural evolution — for entries beginning with sociological, see sections below — sociocultural materialism — sociology — for entries beginning with sociology of, see sections below — solid waste — solidarity — sovereignty — split labor market theory — standing army — state ( polity ) — state society — stateless nation — status — status group — status inconsistency — status offense — stem cell — stepfamily — stereotype — stigma — stigmatise — Strategic Defense Initiative — stratification — strike — structural unemployment — structuration — structure — subculture — suburbanization — surplus value — surveillance — survey — symbol — Symbolic Convergence Theory — symbolic interactionism — symbolic system — symbolic world — systems theory

Under the broader definition, the Jewish identity does not depend on whether or not a person is regarded as a Jew by others, or by an external set of religious, or legal, or sociological norms.

Often understood simply as a cultural style ' after-Modernism ' marked by intertextuality, pastiche and irony, sociological analyses of postmodernity have presented a distinct era relating to ( 1 ) the dissolution of metanarratives ( particularly in the work of Lyotard ), and ( 2 ) commodity fetishism and the ' mirroring ' of identity with consumption in late capitalist society ( Debord ; Baudrillard ; Jameson ).

Antin ’ s work questions definers of identity – namely gender, race, age, and culture-through humorous and ironic stories told by fictional characters whose experiences are culled from documented historical events and sociological realities.

McConaghy ( 2006 ) published in a sociological journal that he found no relationship between the strength of the effect and degree of homosexual feelings, rather than homosexual identity or homosexual behavior, leading him to conclude that the influence of birth order on degree of homosexual feelings was not due to a biological, but a social process.

These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique ( many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg ) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes.

Diesel's inventions have three points in common: they relate to heat transfer by natural physical processes or laws ; they involve markedly creative mechanical design ; and they were initially motivated by the inventor's concept of sociological needs.

However, in the last couple of years the British graffiti scene has been struck by self-titled ' art terrorist ' Banksy, who has revolutionized the style of UK graffiti ( bringing to the forefront stencils to aid the speed of painting ) as well as the content ; making his work largely satirical of the sociological state of cities, or the political climate of war, often using monkeys and rats as motifs.

According to many Marxists influenced by Soviet Marxism, historical materialism is a specifically sociological method, while dialectical materialism refers to a more general, abstract, philosophy.

The advent of the Age of Enlightenment provided an intellectual framework which welcomed the practical application of the growing body of scientific knowledge — a factor evidenced in the systematic development of the steam engine, guided by scientific analysis, and the development of the political and sociological analyses, culminating in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.

Beginning in the 1970s and influenced by new perspectives in the sociological and biological sciences, some Orthodox rabbis began to adopt more sympathetic positions toward those who feel drawn to homosexual activity, without ever accepting the legitimacy of homosexual activity itself.

Though inspired by French socialist and sociological thought, Marx criticised utopian socialists, arguing that their favoured small scale socialistic communities would be bound to marginalisation and poverty, and that only a large scale change in the economic system can bring about real change.

Significant interpretations of his writings were produced by such sociological luminaries as Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills.

From a sociological, cultural or philosophical perspective, the question becomes, to what extent ideologies maintain and impose conceptual patterns of thought by introducing, supporting, and adapting fundamental patterns of thinking metaphorically.

Some Orthodox rabbis view contemporary efforts at change as motivated by sociological reasons and not by true religious motivation.

Serendipity is used as a sociological method in Anselm L. Strauss ' and Barney G. Glaser's Grounded Theory, building on ideas by sociologist Robert K. Merton, who in Social Theory and Social Structure ( 1949 ) referred to the " serendipity pattern " as the fairly common experience of observing an unanticipated, anomalous and strategic datum which becomes the occasion for developing a new theory or for extending an existing theory.

Definitions of social classes reflect a number of sociological perspectives, informed by anthropology, economics, psychology, and sociology.

John Dewey, less broadly than James but more broadly than Peirce, held that inquiry, whether scientific, technical, sociological, philosophical or cultural, is self-corrective over time if openly submitted for testing by a community of inquirers in order to clarify, justify, refine and / or refute proposed truths.

The concept of tradition, in early sociological research ( around the turn of the 19th and 20th century ), referred to that of the traditional society, as contrasted by the more modern industrial society.

The sociological basis was non-Anglican religion and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasized by Labour.

In Greek, male biology and masculine grammatical inflection are denoted by arsenikos (), in distinction to sociological masculinity, which is denoted by andrikos ().

Likewise, female biology and feminine grammatical inflection are denoted by thēlukos ( θηλυκός ); and sociological femininity is denoted by gunaikeios ( γυναικείος, compare English gynaecology ).

Its aim was to publish and publicize the work of what was, by then, a growing number of students and collaborators ( this is also the name used to refer to the group of students who developed his sociological program ).

Two discrete, sociological theories explain and justify gentrification as an economic process ( production-side theory ) and as a social process ( consumption-side theory ) that occurs when the suburban gentry tire of the automobile-dependent urban sprawl style of life ; thus, professionals, empty nest aged parents, and recent university graduates perceive the attractiveness of the city center — earlier abandoned during white flight — especially if the poor community possesses a transport hub and its architecture sustains the pedestrian traffic that allows the proper human relations impeded by ( sub ) urban sprawl.

This theory states that a child ’ s adult personality is determined by childhood and adolescent peer groups outside of the home environment and that “ parental behaviors have no effect on the psychological characteristics their children will have as adults .” Harris proposes this theory based on behavioral genetics, sociological views of group processes, context-specific learning, and evolutionary theory.