The source of juror knowledge could include first-hand knowledge, investigation, and less reliable sources such as rumor and hearsay.

A gossip columnist cannot defend themselves from a libel claim by arguing that they merely repeated, but did not originate the defamating rumor or claim ; instead, the columnist has to prove that the allegedly defaming statement was truthful, or that it was based on a reasonably reliable source.

The lake has been the source of rumor and intrigue for generations, concerning its depth, history and contents.

Harsin starts with the widespread definition of rumor as a claim whose truthfulness is in doubt and which often has no clear source even if its ideological or partisan origins and intents are clear.

# A clearly partisan even if an anonymous source ( e. g. " an unnamed advisor to the president "), which seeks to profit politically from the rumor bomb ’ s diffusion.

It was frequently repeated that the Wexner's colliding planes tended to make its users disoriented to the point of physical nausea ; in 1997 researcher Michael Pollan tracked the source of this rumor back to Eisenman himself.

The source of this story has yet to come to light, although it is possibly related to the large seal attached to the Resources Building in downtown Sacramento ( see image ' 1964 '), placed in 1964, just four years before the earliest known reference to the rumor in 1968.

" Pierrepont suspected that Gen. Babcock himself was the source of the rumor.

Franchetti later said that the source of the rumor was a Los Angeles Times reporter, who called the Justice Department trying to confirm its authenticity.

Hollywood Babylon has also been the source of the rumor about a sexual relationship between Ramon Novarro and Rudolph Valentino.

After the attack of April 6, 1994, the Radio des milles collines spread the rumor that Belgian soldiers from United Nations Mission for Assistance in Rwanda were the source.

The phrase “ all data ” included every suggestion, speculation, scenario, or rumor — past, present, or future, regardless of its source, or even of its accuracy — unless it was specifically declassified.

Lawrence Lipton, in The Holy Barbarians, stresses that for the beat generation sex is more than a source of pleasure ; ;

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

It is more difficult with Faulkner than with most authors to say what is the extent and what is the source of his knowledge.

How literature does this, or for whom, is certainly not clear, but the content, form, and language of the `` message '', as well as the source, would all play differentiated parts in giving and molding a sense of purpose.

Without a precise knowledge of Germanic philology, however, it is debatable whether their use was not more often a source of confusion and error than anything else.

But the secretary insists that the success of the American farmer is the `` greatest single source of strength '' in the struggle to insure freedom around the world.

There is a trend to packaging meat at a central source, freezing it, and shipping it to outlying stores, where meat cutters will not be required.

As a source of investment capital, the system is beneficial to local communities and encourages the development of industries in rural areas.

In this hour of crisis, the wisdom, the dedication, the stabilizing force that he represents in current American government is an almost indispensable source of strength.

It is obvious that this is a potential and lucrative source of revenue for the assessors of those towns where a substantial amount of such property would be subject to taxation.

The long-range objective is to bring about consolidation of ownership through use of land exchange authority and through purchase on a moderate scale of inholdings which comprise key tracts for recognized National Forest programs such as recreation development, or which are a source of damage to lands in National Forests and National Grasslands.

The drill press consists of a vertical shaft ( spindle ) which is tapered or threaded on one end to hold a drill chuck, a tubular housing ( quill ) in which the spindle is mounted, a head in which the quill is mounted, a feed lever which moves the quill up or down, a power source, and a movable table upon which the work is placed.

With the source of light behind the copy, there is no loss of lumen output, as with conventional boards illuminated by means of reflected light.

Another important source of evidence only recently receiving much attention is the analysis of atmospheric dust for a meteoritic component.

It also provides a frame within which the registration of vital events is gradually gaining force ( though one cannot expect to obtain reliable vital statistics in most parts of the Congo from this source in the near future ).

In the new country the electoral process is considered as a means of resolving fundamental, and sometimes bitter, differences among leaders and also as a source of policy guidance.

Whatever the source of Rangoni's power, Marina is his captive now ; ;

Radiosterilization ( at 3 Mrad ) is more expensive than canning, particularly for the cesium-137 source.

The degree to which urban agriculture can address these food needs systemically is undetermined, though there are indications in some communities that it is an important source of food.

The expedition was intended to establish the source of the Mississippi River, and in part to settle the question of an undetermined boundary between the United States and British Canada.

The source of contamination is still undetermined: many point to upstream urban development as the cause, although others note that high bacteria levels were seen in the 1950s, when development was less pervasive.

The success of his children's books was to become a source of considerable annoyance to Milne, whose self-avowed aim was to write whatever he pleased and who had, until then, found a ready audience for each change of direction: he had freed pre-war Punch from its ponderous facetiousness ; he had made a considerable reputation as a playwright ( like his idol J. M. Barrie ) on both sides of the Atlantic ; he had produced a witty piece of detective writing in The Red House Mystery ( although this was severely criticised by Raymond Chandler for the implausibility of its plot ).

He went on to remain there in a mansion which he may have extended, although there is no source attesting to any significant building activity at Aachen in his time, apart from the building of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen ( since 1929, cathedral ) and the palatial presentation halls.

AbiWord had grammar checking before any other open source word processor, although a grammar checker was later added to OpenOffice. org.

Whorf credited Naquayouma as the source of most of his information on the Hopi language, although in 1938 he took a short field trip to the village of Mishongnovi, on the Second Mesa of the Hopi Reservation in Arizona.

If the combustion takes place using air as the oxygen source, the nitrogen can be added to the equation, as and although it does not react, to show the composition of the flue gas:

The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind only Constantinople, and, although migration was not the primary source of Cairo's growth, twenty percent of its population at the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from around the Mediterranean.

CPAN has no revision control system, although the source for the modules is often stored on GitHub.

In 1999, Cygnus offered Cygwin 1. 0 as a commercial product of interest in its own right although subsequent versions have not been released, instead relying on continued open source releases.

The process of reducing the size of a data file is popularly referred to as data compression, although its formal name is source coding ( coding done at the source of the data, before it is stored or transmitted ).

The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, creating pools and quicksand pits along the edges.

In other words, although the voltage applied is thermodynamically sufficient to drive electrolysis, the rate is so slow that to make the process proceed in a reasonable time frame, the voltage of the external source has to be increased ( hence, overvoltage ).

However, every shogun from the Minamoto, Ashikaga and Tokugawa families had to be officially recognized by the emperors, who were still the source of sovereignty, although they could not exercise their powers independently from the Shogunate.

In 2003, Radio source SHGb02 + 14a was isolated by SETI @ home analysis, although it has largely been discounted by further study.

The spin of the electrons in atoms is the main source of ferromagnetism, although there is also a contribution from the orbital angular momentum of the electron about the nucleus.

Cathy Gelbin finds an earlier source in Philippson's The Golem and the Adulteress, published in the Jewish magazine Shulamit in 1834, which describes how the Maharal sent a golem to find the reason for an epidemic among the Jews of Prague, although doubts have been expressed as to whether this date is correct.

The main source for the life of Heraclitus is Diogenes Laërtius, although some have questioned the validity of his account as " a tissue of Hellenistic anecdotes, most of them obviously fabricated on the basis of statements in the preserved fragments.

The same researchers claim the species is at least somewhat nocturnal, with peak activity being reported by one source as occurring around “ two hours after dark ” and again at dawn ( although the dawn peak was recorded in the lab and could be misleading as a result ).

* As a teenager, IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was directly involved in the pro-Nazi New Swedish Movement ( Nysvenska Rörelsen ) until at least 1948, causing tensions when IKEA began opening stores in Israel, although one source has claimed that the movement was not pro-Nazi.

It was against this background that Josephus wrote his War, and although this work has often been dismissed as pro-Roman propaganda ( hardly a surprising view, given the source of his patronage ), he claims to be writing to counter anti-Judean accounts.

Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view, believing that Geoffrey's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th-century British king named Riotamus, this figure being the original Arthur, although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions.

The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River, from its source to the 31st parallel, although the source of the Mississippi was, at the time, unknown.

The source or justification of this system may be thought to be, for instance, human nature, shared vulnerability to suffering, the demands of universal reason, what is common among existing moral codes, or the common mandates of religion ( although it can be argued that the latter is not in fact moral universalism because it may distinguish between Gods and mortals ).

As a result tourism has become Malaysia ’ s third largest source of income from foreign exchange, although it is threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy, with large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation affecting tourism.