John Adams fashioned much of pre-Revolutionary radical ideology, wrote the constitution of his home state of Massachusetts, negotiated, with Franklin and Jay, the peace with Britain and served as our first Vice President and our second President.

Since the adoption of a new constitution, early in 2010, the politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

In yet another coup d ' état, he suspended ( March 1903 ) the constitution for half an hour, time enough to publish the decrees by which the old senators and councillors of state were dismissed and replaced by new ones.

Following the 1831 Nat Turner slave rebellion, a state convention was called to pass a new constitution, including provisions to disfranchise free people of color.

According to Article 91 of the constitution, the CDN is " the consultative body of the president of the republic in matters related to national sovereignty and the defense of the democratic state.

According to Article 89 of the constitution, the Council of the Republic has authority to make declarations of federal intervention, a state of emergency, and a state of siege ( all security-related issues ).

In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada ( ELCIC ), the largest Lutheran Church bodies in the United States and Canada respectively and roughly based on the Nordic Lutheran state churches ( similar to that of the Church of England ), bishops are elected by Synod Assemblies, consisting of both lay members and clergy, for a term of 6 years, which can be renewed, depending upon the local synod's " constitution " ( which is mirrored on either the ELCA or ELCIC's national constitution ).

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

Within states, whether sovereign or federated, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom.

An example from the constitutional law of sovereign states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution, such as ratifying a treaty.

The most basic definition he used to describe a constitution in general terms was " the arrangement of the offices in a state ".

United States federal courts only act as interpreters of statutes and the constitution by elaborating and precisely defining the broad language ( connotation 1 ( b ) above ), but, unlike state courts, do not act as an independent source of common law ( connotation 1 ( a ) above ).

A new constitution in January 1976 established Democratic Kampuchea as a Communist People's Republic, and a 250-member Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Kampuchea ( PRA ) was selected in March to choose the collective leadership of a State Presidium, the chairman of which became the head of state.

The constitution also created an independent judiciary, guaranteed inheritance of estates by primogeniture, and installed Catholicism as the state religion.

One of its leaders, Joaquín Infante, drafted Cuba's first constitution, declaring the island a sovereign state, presuming the rule of the countries ' wealthy, maintaining slavery as long as it was necessary for agriculture, establishing a social classification based on skin colour and declaring Catholicism the official religion.

Constitutional monarchy ( or limited monarchy ) is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution.

This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government.

Later on, Fascist Italy could also be considered as a " constitutional monarchy " of a kind, in the sense that there was a king as the titular head of state while actual power was held by Benito Mussolini under a constitution.

For example, in a unitary state, the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and legislature, and judiciary, though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities.

When a constitution establishes a federal state, it will identify the several levels of government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking, application and enforcement.

Human rights or civil liberties form a crucial part of a country's constitution and govern the rights of the individual against the state.

Despite the democratic constitution, the government under Chiang was a one-party state, consisting almost completely of mainlanders ; the " Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion " greatly enhanced executive powers, and the goal of retaking mainland China allowed the KMT to maintain a monopoly on power and the prohibition of opposition parties.

In what has aptly been called a `` constitutional revolution '', the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature ( the `` night-watchman state '' ) to one with affirmative duties to perform.

Labor relations have been transformed, income security has become a standardized feature of political platforms, and all the many facets of the American version of the welfare state have become part of the conventional wisdom.

Our state has been overrun with a gang of paid agents and retainers.

`` The committee continues to feel that Florida has progressed in a sound and equitable program at both the state and local levels in its efforts to review and assess transition problems as they arise from time to time in the entire spectrum of civil rights ''.

Cambodia's chief of state, who has been accused of harboring Communist marauders and otherwise making life miserable for neighboring South Viet Nam and Thailand, insists he would be very unhappy if communism established its power in Southeast Asia.

But there is hope, for Conservation Commissioner Bontempo has tagged the sanctuary as the kind of place the state hopes to include in its program to double its park space.

The public should understand that whether they support a state hospital or a VA hospital, the tax dollar has to be paid one way or the other.

Tibet has historically served China as a buffer state.

The state has recently undertaken liability insurance for drivers of state cars.

In the past twenty years the ratio of state-owned automobiles per state employees has varied from 1 to 22 then to 1 to 23 now.

The reasons are obvious: ( 1 ) the state is buying in quantity, and ( 2 ) it has no federal excise or state sales tax to pay.

Thus, there has come into being a situation in which the state must raise all of its own revenues and, in addition, must give assistance to its local governments.

This financial assistance from the state has become necessary because the local governments themselves found the property tax, or at least at the rates then existing, insufficient for their requirements.

The planning division has embarked on the most complete and comprehensive state planning program in the nation.

Since accurate base maps are necessary for any planning program, the first step taken by the planning division to implement the long-range state plan has been to prepare two series of base maps -- one at a scale of 1 inch to a mile, and the second a series of 26 sheets at a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, covering the entire state.

It is not an exaggeration to say that the state government has little or no fiscal control over these units of government.

In addition to the basic programs in wavelength standards, spectroscopy, solid state physics, interactions of the free electron and atomic constants which are necessary to provide the foundation for technological progress, the Bureau has strengthened its activities in laboratory astrophysics.

If your state has no provisions for the numbering of pleasure boats, you must apply for a number from the U.S. Coast Guard for any kind of boat with mechanical propulsion rated at more than 10 horsepower before it can be used on Federal waterways.

Congress has not clearly defined the bounds between state and federal court competence.

A careful student has suggested that `` In any new revision ( of the Judicial Code ) the legislators would do well to remember that the allocation of power to the federal courts should be limited to those matters in which their expertise in federal law might be used, leaving to the state judiciaries the primary obligation of pronouncing state law ''.

During the past decade the program has been carried on through expansion of free higher education in state universities, state colleges, and community colleges.