In the science of ethology ( the study of animal behaviour ), and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

were able to inhibit bacterial growth, and even to cure bacterial infections in animal ( Ernest Duchesne in 1897 in his thesis " Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between moulds and microbes ", or also Clodomiro Picado Twight whose work at Institut Pasteur in 1923 on the inhibiting action of fungi of the " Penicillin sp " genre in the growth of staphylococci drew little interest from the direction of the Institut at the time ).

* Approximate digestibility, in study of dietary efficiency, a rough unit measure of the digestibility of animal feed

* Morris, Desmond The Naked Ape: a zoologist's study of the human animal Bantam Books, Canada.

According to a 2003 study undertaken by the International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) on the access to and availability of insulin in its member countries, synthetic ' human ' insulin is considerably more expensive in most countries where both synthetic ' human ' and animal insulin are commercially available: e. g. within European countries the average price of synthetic ' human ' insulin was twice as high as the price of pork insulin.

For example, philosopher John D. Kenyon writes: Reason might manage to raise a doubt about the truth of a conclusion of natural inductive inference just for a moment in the study, but the forces of nature will soon overcome that artificial skepticism, and the sheer agreeableness of animal faith will protect us from excessive caution and sterile suspension of belief.

The same study also found no correlation ( with multivariate adjustment ) between animal fat intake and coronary heart disease ( table 4 ).

A second study showed that poxvirus, baculovirus and the animal herpesviruses form separate and distinct clades.

Ethology ( from Greek: ἦθος, ethos, " character "; and ,-logia, " the study of ") is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology.

Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioral process rather than in a particular animal group, and often study one type of behavior ( e. g. aggression ) in a number of unrelated animals.

A recent and notable case is the Russian silver fox, or domesticated silver fox, since it resulted in visible and behavioral changes, and is a case study of an animal population modeling according to human domestication needs.

A study was performed to examine the influence of the form of hemoglobin ( Hb ) on the partitioning of inhaled volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) into and animal blood.

Their objectives were both scientific and commercial – to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to learn how the region could be exploited economically.

Recently, one study has used an animal model ( hind-paw incision ) to observe the effects of morphine administration on the acute immunological response.

* 1841 – James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnotism.

# The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.

One animal study has suggested that Peppermint may have radioprotective effects in patients undergoing cancer treatment.

As was noted earlier, it is important that in valid, objective study of this sort of communication, the interested sitter should be separated from the sensitive.

Organizational communication is the study of how people communicate within an organizational context and the influences and interactions within organizational structures.

Although organizational communication, as a field of study, is usually geared toward companies and business groups, these may also be seen as communities.

The most sophisticated investigation of this kind was the study by Karl von Frisch of the so-called " dance language " related to bee communication.

Among undergraduate fields of study, science, technology, engineering, math, and business generally offer the highest wages and best chances of employment, while education, communication, and liberal arts degrees generally offer lower wages and a lower likelihood of employment.

* Biolinguistics – study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems in animals, compared to human language.

* Neurolinguistics – study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication.

Sean McBride, a former Irish minister and co-founder of Amnesty International, led a major study for Unesco: Many voices, One world – Towards a new more just and more efficient world information and communication order ( 1983 ).

Skills learned through the discipline of music may transfer to study skills, communication skills, and cognitive skills useful in every part of a child's studies at school, though.

Human language and discourse, communication, philosophy, science, logic, mathematics, poetry, theology, and religion are only some of fields of human study and activity where grasping the nature of signs and symbols and patterns of signification may have a decisive value.

Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or ( in the Saussurean tradition ) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes ( semiosis ), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication.

In general, semiotic theories take signs or sign systems as their object of study: the communication of information in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics or zoosemiosis.

In Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics, Marcel Danesi ( 1994 ) suggested that semioticians ' priorities were to study signification first and communication second.

1990: 16 ), who, as a musicologist, considered the theoretical study of communication irrelevant to his application of semiotics.

He developed a semiotic approach to the study of culture and established a communication model for the study of text semiotics.

# Special talents, achievements and awards in a particular field, such as visual and performing arts, communication or athletic endeavors ; special skills, such as demonstrated written and oral proficiency in other languages ; special interests, such as intensive study and exploration of other cultures ; experiences that demonstrate unusual promise for leadership, such as significant community service or significant participation in student government ; or other significant experiences or achievements that demonstrate the student's promise for contributing to the intellectual vitality of a campus.

His thesis, Experimental studies of stimulus response relationships in leaflet communication, drew from sociology, psychology, and communication, to study how information diffused through | American communities.

Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field ," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called " fieldwork.

The study of amphibians is called batrachology while the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called herpetology.

Accordingly the modern study of marine and freshwater algae is called either phycology or algology, depending on whether the Greek or Latin root is used.

To avoid confusion, the annual scientific research conference dedicated to the study of MND is called the International ALS / MND Symposium.

Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called mentalités, or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study.

It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

The study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics.

It was toward the end of this extended period of study that Gassmann was called away on a new opera commission and a gap in the theater's program allowed for Salieri to make his debut as a composer of a completely original opera buffa.

He also composed one large scale instrumental work in 1815 intended as a study in late classical orchestration: Twenty-Six Variations for the Orchestra on a Theme called La Folia di Spagna.

A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients of diabetes and arterioscleorosis.

The study of the structure of the body is called anatomy.

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter.

In 1963 Lorenz published a theoretical study of this effect in a well-known paper called Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow .< ref > Elsewhere he said

The term or, which gives the ( unnormalised ) relative probability of a state, is called the Boltzmann factor and appears often in the study of physics and chemistry.

A person engaged in the study of botany is called a botanist.

A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis.

The study of the electrical aspects is a subfield of electrophysiology called cardiac electrophysiology and is epitomized with the electrocardiogram ( ECG / EKG ).

The scholarly study of these manuscripts from the point of view of the bookbinding craft is called codicology ; the study of ancient documents in general is called paleography.