The Space Merchants, like such humanist documents as Joseph Wood Krutch's The Measure Of Man and C. S. Lewis's The Abolition Of Man, considers what may result from the scientific study of human nature.

Apparently, however, Miller has relied heavily on the anatomy in dogs and cats, and he has been criticized for using pathologic human material in his normal study ( Loosli, '38 ).

Anthropologists study topics including Homo sapiens origin and evolution, the organization of human social and cultural relations, human physical traits, how humans behave, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and so forth.

The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of cultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal.

Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains.

Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field ," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called " fieldwork.

Many scholars consider modern anthropology as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment, a period when Europeans attempted to study human behavior systematically, the known varieties of which had been increasing since the fifteenth century as a result of the first European colonization wave.

Programs of ethnographic study originated in this era as the study of the " human primitives " overseen by colonial administrations.

She demonstrates a remarkably thorough education, including some art courses that involved study of human anatomy through the study of human cadavers.

A study conducted in 1901 by physician Duncan MacDougall sought to measure the weight lost by a human when the soul " departed the body " upon death.

It has therefore been argued that astrology began as a study as soon as human beings made conscious attempts to measure, record, and predict seasonal changes by reference to astronomical cycles.

As Freda Easton explained in her study of Waldorf schools, " Whether one accepts anthroposophy as a science depends upon whether one accepts Steiner's interpretation of a science that extends the consciousness and capacity of human beings to experience their inner spiritual world.

These AC's are the most familiar based on extensive study due to their important roles in human health.

Todd Bostwick argued that " archaeoastronomy is anthropology – the study of human behavior in the past and present.

This method can be used for example for further study of enamel and dentin of human teeth and bones.

Regarding the shape of the breast, the study The Evolution of the Human Beast ( 2001 ) proposed that the rounded shape of a woman's breast evolved to prevent the sucking infant offspring from suffocating while feeding at the teat ; that is, because of the human infant's small jaw, which did not project from the face to reach the nipple, he or she might block the nostrils against the mother's breast if it were of a flatter form ( cf.

* Morris, Desmond The Naked Ape: a zoologist's study of the human animal Bantam Books, Canada.

According to a 2003 study undertaken by the International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) on the access to and availability of insulin in its member countries, synthetic ' human ' insulin is considerably more expensive in most countries where both synthetic ' human ' and animal insulin are commercially available: e. g. within European countries the average price of synthetic ' human ' insulin was twice as high as the price of pork insulin.

In the science of ethology ( the study of animal behaviour ), and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

The study of altruism was the initial impetus behind George R. Price's development of the Price equation, which is a mathematical equation used to study genetic evolution.

Natural history is the study and description of organisms and natural objects, especially their origins, evolution, and interrelationships.

Evolutionary explanations for aesthetical preferences are important parts of evolutionary musicology, Darwinian literary studies, and the study of the evolution of emotion.

Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of extraterrestrial life.

A recent study suggests that there are at least two distinct genetic lineages among the blind populations, arguing that these represent a case of convergent evolution.

Physical cosmology, as a branch of astronomy, is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution.

They believe that the Orthodox Jewish movements, on the theological right, have erred by slowing down, or stopping, the historical development of Jewish law: " Conservative Judaism believes that scholarly study of Jewish texts indicates that Judaism has constantly been evolving to meet the needs of the Jewish people in varying circumstances, and that a central halakhic authority can continue the halakhic evolution today.

Cholera has been a laboratory for the study of evolution of virulence.

Evolutionary linguistics is a cover term for the scientific study of both the origins and development of language as well as the cultural evolution of languages.

* ( on the applicability of this notion to the study of social evolution )

Application of the molecular clock principle revolutionized the study of molecular evolution.

Based on archaeological and paleontological evidence, it has been possible to infer, to some extent, the ancient dietary practices of various Homo species and to study the role of diet in physical and behavioral evolution within Homo.

The fossil record was one of the early sources of data relevant to the study of evolution and continues to be relevant to the history of life on Earth.

The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies.

Because many of these reservoirs are found in sedimentary basins, they study the formation of these basins, as well as their sedimentary and tectonic evolution and the present-day positions of the rock units.

Cnidarians such as Hydra and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis have become attractive model organisms to study the evolution of immunity and certain developmental processes.

The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe.

Taken together, these emphasize the paramount significance of the Mount Carmel caves for the study of human cultural and biological evolution within the framework of palaeo-ecological changes.

A book-length study of a concept similar to irreducible complexity, explained by gradual, step-wise, non-teleological evolution, was published in 1975 by Thomas H. Frazzetta.

When linguists study the lexicon, they consider such things as what constitutes a word ; the word-concept relationship ; lexical access and lexical access failure ; how a word's phonology, syntax, and meaning intersect ; the morphology-word relationship ; vocabulary structure within a given language ; language use ( that is, pragmatics ); language acquisition ; the history and evolution of words ( i. e. etymology ); and the relationships between words, often studied within philosophy of language.

It involves the study of quantity, especially as the result of operations that combine numbers.

For example, promoter analysis involves the identification and study of sequence motifs in the DNA surrounding the coding region of a gene.

The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior.

Artificial intelligence ( AI ) involves the study of cognitive phenomena in machines.

Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes.

More specifically, it involves study of the different legal systems in existence in the world, including the common law, the civil law, socialist law, Islamic law, Hindu law, and Chinese law.

This core curriculum involves such areas that include the study of the surrounding environment, basic natural laws, and the disciplines that promote a happier, more educated living.

Therefore, the study of heterocyclic chemistry focuses especially on unsaturated derivatives, and the preponderance of work and applications involves unstrained 5-and 6-membered rings.

The study of ion channels involves many scientific techniques such as voltage clamp electrophysiology ( in particular patch clamp ), immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR.

The program involves a one-week team design exercise developing an early mission concept study, working with JPL's Advanced Projects Design Team (" Team X ") and other concurrent engineering teams.

The study of letter writing usually involves both the study of rhetoric and grammar.

suggests that there is a broad agreement among such sources that philosophy involves the study of fundamental or general topics ; e. g. " the most fundamental and general concepts and principles involved in thought, action and reality ", " the most general questions about our universe and our place in it ", the " absolutely fundamental reason of everything it investigates ", or " the fundamental reasons or causes of all things ".

; Natural Theology: The study of a God or Gods ; involves many topics, including among others the nature of religion and the world, existence of the divine, questions about Creation, and the numerous religious or spiritual issues that concern humankind in general.

An objection to the study of the evolution of memes in genetic terms ( although not to the existence of memes ) involves a perceived gap in the gene / meme analogy: the cumulative evolution of genes depends on biological selection-pressures neither too great nor too small in relation to mutation-rates.

The essential definition of media studies involves the study of media effects.

In linguistic terms, natural language only applies to a language that has developed naturally, and the study of natural language primarily involves native ( first language ) speakers.

Navigation, in a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of position and direction.

Physics ( from ) is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.

Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data ( phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers ) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is.

Philately involves more than just stamp collecting, which does not necessarily involve the study of stamps.

The next step in the proof involves a study of the zeros of the zeta function.

Physics – natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force.

This process is known as wavefunction collapse, a controversial and much-debated process that involves expanding the system under study to include the measurement device.