As is the case with missiles, torpedoes are self-propelled and can be launched from surface, subsurface, and air platforms.

The key threat in modern naval combat is the airborne missile, which can be delivered from surface, subsurface or airborne platforms.

The station consisted of two parts ( it has subsequently been expanded ), a subsurface station on the Circle and Metropolitan Lines ( in 1987, the Hammersmith & City Line was then part of the Metropolitan ) and a deep-level tube station on the Northern, Piccadilly, and Victoria Lines.

Although smoking was banned on the subsurface sections of the London Underground in February 1985 ( a consequence of the Oxford Circus fire ), the fire was most probably caused by a traveller discarding a burning match, which fell down the side of the escalator onto the running track ( Fennell 1988, p. 111 ).

Following a fire at Oxford Circus station the ban was extended to all subsurface stations but smokers often ignored this and lit cigarettes on the escalators on their way out.

The instrument was designed so that if the surface were liquid, the sounder would measure the speed of sound in the " ocean " and possibly also the subsurface structure ( depth ).

It was formed by extension of the surface, possibly due to dike propagation in the subsurface.

A compressed spring mechanism was designed to allow movement across the surface at a rate of 1 cm per 5 seconds and to burrow into the ground and collect a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip.

He was awarded an Academy Award ( Technical achievement awards ) in 2004 together with Stephen R. Marschner and Pat Hanrahan for pioneering research in simulating subsurface scattering of light in translucent materials as presented in their paper " A Practical Model for Subsurface Light Transport .".

A view of the Sahara Desert in Algeria, one of the geology sites, was taken to help scientists map surface and subsurface structures, including drainage patterns.

While it was already known that peridotite reacts with CO < sub > 2 </ sub > to form a solid carbonate-like limestone or marble mineral, the study concludes that this process can be sped up a million times or more with simple drilling and hydraulic fracturing to allow injection of the CO < sub > 2 </ sub > into the subsurface peridotite formation.

Seismic migration is the process by which seismic events are geometrically re-located in either space or time to the location the event occurred in the subsurface rather than the location that it was recorded at the surface, thereby creating a more accurate image of the subsurface.

The Carboniferous Black Vein coal seams in the area lay 900 feet below the surface and the mining activity associated with it was responsible for many tragic subsurface explosions, roof collapses and mining accidents.

Additionally, the game's renderer engine employs more advanced graphic technologies than was possible in the previous generation, including parallax mapping, ambient occlusion, subsurface scattering, and high dynamic range.

The dielectric constant of the lunar subsurface in the scattering region below a depth of about 25 cm was then determined from a profile of reflectivity values vs the angle of incidence on the moon.

It was reported that at infrared wavelengths, water in tissue was heated by the laser, but at wavelengths corresponding to 915, 1210 and 1720 nm, subsurface lipids were differentially heated more strongly than water.

Conrad developed the Schlumberger array, which was a technique for prospecting for metal ore deposits, and the brothers adopted that surface technique to subsurface applications.

One recent study spatially overlaid the requisite physical parameters for kelp with mean oceanographic conditions has produced a model predicting the existence of subsurface kelps throughout the tropics worldwide to depths of 200 m. For a hotspot in the Galapagos Islands, the local model was improved with fine-scale data and tested ; the research team found thriving kelp forests in all 8 of their sampled sites, all of which had been predicted by the model and thus validated their approach.

The irrigation system was made up of underground channels, known as puquios, which tapped into the subsurface water.

Although the vast majority of this fallout is deposited in the general area of the test, it also produces a small but measurable radioactive plume, which in Chagan's case was detected over Japan and initially prompted complaints from the US that the Soviets were violating the provisions of the October 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, which banned atmospheric tests and any vented ( or " open ") subsurface detonation which caused " radioactive debris to be present outside the territorial limits of the State under whose jurisdiction or control such explosion is conducted.

The ergastulum was usually subsurface, built as a deep, roofed pit-large enough to allow the slaves to work within it and containing narrow spaces in which they slept.

Much earlier, and some 450 miles north of Paris, a specific type of applied anthropology emerged at Leiden University, Netherlands, which focused frequently on the relationship between apparent cultural phenomena and subsurface structures found in the numerous cultures in the Indonesian archipelago: Batak, Minangkabau, Moluccas, etc., though it was primarily aimed at training governors for colonial Indonesia.

It was this type of anthropological theory which attracted students and researchers alike ; those interested in a type of anthropology that was holistic, that was broad and deep at the same time, that related economic circumstances with mythological and spatial classifications or cognitive subsurface structures, and that explored the relationship between the botanical world and religious, symbolic systems.

Much of the ACC transport is carried in this front, which is defined as the latitude at which a subsurface salinity minimum or a thick layer of unstratified Subantarctic Mode Water first appears, allowed by temperature dominating density stratification.

Large subsurface, pressurized habitats would be the first step toward human settlement ; the book suggests they can be built as Roman-style atria underground with easily produced Martian brick.

Scientifically dated to over 200, 000 BP, the excavated subsurface objects are many times older than the traditional date of the first human entry into the Americas, approximately 11, 000 BP.

In the subsurface environment, it is also produced through neutron capture by or alpha emission by calcium.

Geotechnical engineering uses principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to investigate subsurface conditions and materials ; determine the relevant physical / mechanical and chemical properties of these materials ; evaluate stability of natural slopes and man-made soil deposits ; assess risks posed by site conditions ; design earthworks and structure foundations ; and monitor site conditions, earthwork and foundation construction.

Geotechnical engineers perform geotechnical investigations to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock underlying ( and sometimes adjacent to ) a site to design earthworks and foundations for proposed structures, and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions.

The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle.

Mineral sources are generally divided into surface mines, which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment, and subsurface mines.

Partially collapsed lava tubes are visible as chains of pit craters, and broad lava fans formed by lava emerging from intact, subsurface tubes are also common.

Calderas are formed by roof collapse following depletion and withdrawal of the subsurface magma chamber after an eruption.

A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in the levee.

Corrosion is mainly due to abiotic factors ; however, at least 20 % of corrosion is caused by microorganisms that are attached to the metal subsurface ( i. e., microbially-influenced corrosion ).

* Soil salinity control by subsurface drainage

For salinity control in such a case, annually an amount of drainage water is to be discharged from the aquifer by means of a subsurface drainage system and disposed of through a safe outlet.

Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs.

All subsurface minerals, including oil, are owned by the Osage tribe and held in trust for them by the Federal Government.

Once ignited by the presence of a heat source ( e. g., a wildfire penetrating the subsurface ), it smolders.

An early experiment by Shell Oil Company in massive oil storage in McCamey proved a failure: local oilmen built a reservoir to hold up to one million barrels of oil in an earthen tank, but the limestone formation underneath the tank cracked under the weight of the crude, allowing much of it to leak into the subsurface.

The effect of a fault is to relieve strain, which can be caused by compression, extension, or lateral stress in the rock layers at the surface or deep in the Earth ’ s subsurface.

Specifically, it is capable of simulating the refraction of light through a transparent substance such as glass or water, diffuse interreflection between illuminated objects, the subsurface scattering of light in translucent materials, and some of the effects caused by particulate matter such as smoke or water vapor.

In general, all these elements must be assessed via a limited ' window ' into the subsurface world, provided by one ( or possibly more ) exploration wells.