In genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.

This ' intron-free ' DNA is constructed using ' intron-free ' mRNA as a template.

# A poly-T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template, or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.

The reverse transcriptase scans the mature mRNA and synthesizes a sequence of DNA that complements the mRNA template.

Single-strand breaks are repaired by DNA ligase using the complementary strand of the double helix as a template ,, with DNA ligase creating the final phosphodiester bond to fully repair the DNA.

Each strand of the original double-stranded DNA molecule serves as template for the production of the complementary strand, a process referred to as semiconservative replication.

In addition to DNA polymerase, the enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA by adding nucleotides matched to the template strand, a number of other proteins are associated with the fork and assist in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis.

DNA polymerases, isolated from cells, and artificial DNA primers are used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template molecule.

However, a DNA polymerase can only extend an existing DNA strand paired with a template strand ; it cannot begin the synthesis of a new strand.

To begin synthesis, a short fragment of DNA or RNA, called a primer, must be created and paired with the template DNA strand.

DNA polymerase then synthesizes a new strand of DNA by extending the 3 ' end of an existing nucleotide chain, adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds.

The notation 5 ' and 3 ' refer to the direction of the DNA template in the chromosome and is used to distinguish between the two untranslated regions ( grey ).

The method developed by Mullis, however, combined the use of a heat-stable polymerase and thermal cycling, which allowed the rapid and exponential amplification of large quantities of any desired DNA sequence from an extremely complex template.

mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes.

A special template is furnished with the apparatus to enable marking a specimen for a central measuring area and the fabric extensions to the clamps ( see Fig. 2 ).

The Vulcan Presenting Venus with Arms for Aeneas is a template for a tapestry made by this factory.

The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is a RNA copy of one of the organism's genes.

In fact, as their synthesis is controlled by a template directed process in most in vivo systems all biopolymers of a type ( say one specific protein ) are all alike: they all contain the similar sequences and numbers of monomers and thus all have the same mass.

He is approached by a woman who explains she is Sarah Tyrell, niece of Eldon Tyrell, heiress to the entire Tyrell Corporation and the human template ( templant ) for the Rachael replicant.

At the same time, the human template for Roy Batty hires Dave Holden, the blade runner attacked by Leon, to help him hunt down the man he believes is the sixth replicant-Deckard.

* Roy Batty: The man which Tyrell used as the template for his combat replicants is in fact a man of considerable instability, suffering from a brain disorder that prevents him from experiencing fear.

There is no set template for what such a vehicle will look like, yet likely features include a large dozer blade or mine ploughs, a large calibre demolition cannon, augers, winches, excavator arms and cranes or lifting booms.

The double helix is unwound and each strand acts as a template for the next strand.

* Harry Beck, a London Underground employee who, in 1931, devised the famous diagrammatic map, which is the template for most rapid transit system maps across the world.

* 1986 – Dragon Quest, the game credited as setting the template for role-playing video games, is released in Japan.

A reaction consisting of the histone octamers and a naked DNA template can be incubated together at a salt concentration of 2 M. By steadily decreasing the salt concentration, the DNA will equilibrate to a position where it is wrapped around the histone octamers, forming nucleosomes.

A Class is a template for creating objects of a particular type, having their own implementations.

Most organisms then process the pre-mRNA ( also known as a primary transcript ) using various forms of Post-transcriptional modification to form the mature mRNA, which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by the ribosome.

The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is known as translation.

The most successful type of structure prediction, known as homology modeling, relies on the existence of a " template " structure with sequence similarity to the protein being modeled ; structural genomics ' goal is to provide sufficient representation in solved structures to model most of those that remain.

Although producing accurate models remains a challenge when only distantly related template structures are available, it has been suggested that sequence alignment is the bottleneck in this process, as quite accurate models can be produced if a " perfect " sequence alignment is known.

The sequence of solutions which produce chemiluminescent signals allows the determination of the sequence of the template.

Although web template reusability is also important for even highly-skilled and technically experienced developers, it is especially critical to those who rely on simplicity and " ready-made " web solutions.

For example, the C ++ Standard Library contains the function template which returns either x or y, whichever is larger.

In C ++, the standard way of accessing AltiVec support is mutually exclusive with use of the Standard Template Library < code > vector <></ code > class template due to the treatment of " vector " as a reserved word when the compiler does not implement the context sensitive keyword version of vector.

* Use inline template in VSDK, similar to compiler intrinsics, which have C function like interfaces

A few remnants of Cfront's translation method are still found in today's C ++ compilers ; name mangling was originated by Cfront, as the relatively primitive linkers at the time did not support type information in symbols, and some template instantiation models are derived from Cfront's early efforts.

For example, in C ++, this duplication of code can be circumvented by defining a template class:

* libsigc ++-the C ++ signalling template library.

This use of " template " is unrelated to C ++ templates.

In C ++, the Standard Template Library ( STL ) provides the template class, which implements a sorted set using a binary search tree ; SGI's STL also provides the template class, which implements a set using a hash table.

" A similar effect can be achieved by using template metaprogramming in C ++.

The difference between C macros on one side, and Lisp-like macros and C ++ template metaprogramming on the other side, is that the latter tools allow performing arbitrary computations at compile-time / parse-time, while expansion of C macros does not perform any computation, and relies on the optimizer ability to perform it.

It adds to the functionality of C ++ by also implementing design by contract, unit testing, true modules, garbage collection, first class arrays, associative arrays, dynamic arrays, array slicing, nested functions, inner classes, closures, anonymous functions, compile time function execution, lazy evaluation and has a reengineered template syntax.

In C ++, smart pointers may be implemented as a template class that mimics, by means of operator overloading, the behaviour of traditional ( raw ) pointers, ( e. g. dereferencing, assignment ) while providing additional memory management algorithms.

C A T A G C A T C C <-- template ssDNA ( single-stranded DNA )

C A T A G C A T C C <-- template ssDNA ( single-stranded DNA )

C A T A G C A T C C <-- template ssDNA ( single-stranded DNA )