To account for the discrepancy, Chinese Marxists invented the term " bureaucratic feudalism ", which is an oxymoron.

Although derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum ( fief ), then in use, the term feudalism and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period.

Since the 1970s, when Elizabeth A. R. Brown published The Tyranny of a Construct ( 1974 ), many have re-examined the evidence and concluded that feudalism is an unworkable term and should be removed entirely from scholarly and educational discussion, or at least used only with severe qualification and warning.

Some historians and political theorists believe that the term feudalism has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used, leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.

The term feudalism is recent, first appearing in French in 1823, Italian in 1827, English in 1839, and in German in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Note that Reynolds does not object to the Marxist use of the term feudalism.

Ultimately, critics say, the many ways the term feudalism has been used have deprived it of specific meaning, leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.

Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel that the term " mixed economies " more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises.

< Dictionary. com http :// dictionary. reference. com / browse / lord >.</ ref > In only a few cases is " lord " a substantive title in itself, most commonly that of the Lord of the Manor and certain vestigial titles from the age of feudalism such as Lord of Mann, in other cases it is a generic term applied, for example, to persons who hold a title of the peerage or persons entitled to courtesy titles, or to refer to a group or body of peers.

The term " Feudal Republic " was never used by the Novgorodians themselves ( indeed, feudalism is a seventeenth-century scholarly term ); rather they referred to their city-state as " His Majesty ( or Sovereign ) Lord Novgorod the Great " ( Государь Господин Великий Новгород / Gosudar ' Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod ), or more often as " Lord Novgorod the Great " ( Господин Великий Новгород / Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod ); The entire region-the city and its vast hinterlands-was known as The Novgorodian Land.

However this may be, after the Conquest a distinction, the result of feudalism, to use a convenient if inaccurate term, arose between real and personal property.

This gradual emancipation led the bourgeoisie to move further and further in the autonomy and " self-management " ( an anachronistic term here ), until eventually undermine the very existence of feudalism and the monarchy, and to be swept-up much later in the turmoil of the Revolution of 1789.

There the court record is useful in describing the nature of English feudalism: " At common law a feoffment in fee did not originally pass an estate in the sense in which the term is now understood.

Bastard feudalism is a term that has been used to describe feudalism in the Late Middle Ages, primarily in England.

Charles Plummer ( 1851 – 1927 ) was an English historian, best known for editing Sir John Fortescue's The Governance of England, and for coining the term ' bastard feudalism '.

Overmighty subject ( or overmighty baron ) is a term associated with bastard feudalism.

Use of the term feudalism to describe India applies a concept of medieval European origin, according to which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants ( villeins or serfs ) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

The term Indian feudalism is an attempt to classify Indian history according to a European model.

`` Disaffiliation '', by the way, is the term used by the critic and poet, Lawrence Lipton, who has written several articles on this subject, the first of which, in The Nation, quoted as Epigraph: `` We disaffiliate.

It holds an equally valuable lesson for a society where the word `` intellectual '' has become a term of opprobrium to millions of well-meaning people who somehow imagine that it must be destructive of the simpler human virtues.

As he died because of a small wound on his heel, the term Achilles ' heel has come to mean one's point of weakness.

The term " the United States " has historically been used, sometimes in the plural (" these United States "), and other times in the singular, without any particular grammatical consistency.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

In more modern English usage, the term " adobe " has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico.

The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.

Thus the term asteroid has come increasingly to refer specifically to the small bodies of the inner Solar System out to the orbit of Jupiter, which are usually rocky or metallic.

The precise reference of this term has varied over time, perhaps originally referring only to the Ionian colonies along the coast.

The precise reference of this term has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the Ionian colonies on the Asia Minor coast.

Other terms that have been used include neosyllabary ( Février 1959 ), pseudo-alphabet ( Householder 1959 ), semisyllabary ( Diringer 1968 ; a word which has other uses ) and syllabic alphabet ( Coulmas 1996 ; this term is also a synonym for syllabary ).

The term " absolute value " has been used in this sense since at least 1806 in French and 1857 in English.

* The modern term " style " has a bearing on how material items such as pottery or architecture can be interpreted.

The term anti-Semitic has been used on occasion to include bigotry against other Semitic-language peoples such as Arabs, but such usage is not widely accepted.

The House of Representatives has 18 members, elected for a two year term, 17 in single-seat constituencies and one by a public meeting on Swain Island.

The Senate also has 18 members, elected for a four year term by and from the chiefs of the islands.

However, this ambiguity has been the source of controversy, particularly among Latin Americans, who feel that using the term solely for the United States misappropriates it.

The term can also refer to an establishment which has long ceased to function as an abbey, in some cases for centuries ( for example, see Westminster Abbey below ).

But no attempt to identify the figures on existing gems with the personages of Gnostic mythology has had any success, and Abrasax is the only Gnostic term found in the accompanying legends which is not known to belong to other religions or mythologies.

This etymology has remained the standard derivation of the term.

The term Suebi has a double meaning in the sources.

The term has the meaning of one being crestfallen, depressed, despondent, downcast, gloomy, sullen and evidently frowning, scowling.

From the Early Modern period, their name has become a term for female warriors in general.

The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic ( s ); today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic ( s ) has come to denote a broader range of antimicrobial compounds, including anti-fungal and other compounds.