To account for the discrepancy, Chinese Marxists invented the term " bureaucratic feudalism ", which is an oxymoron.

Although derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum ( fief ), then in use, the term feudalism and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period.

Since the 1970s, when Elizabeth A. R. Brown published The Tyranny of a Construct ( 1974 ), many have re-examined the evidence and concluded that feudalism is an unworkable term and should be removed entirely from scholarly and educational discussion, or at least used only with severe qualification and warning.

The term feudalism has also been applied — often inappropriately or pejoratively — to non-Western societies where institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to prevail.

Some historians and political theorists believe that the term feudalism has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used, leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.

Note that Reynolds does not object to the Marxist use of the term feudalism.

Ultimately, critics say, the many ways the term feudalism has been used have deprived it of specific meaning, leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.

Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel that the term " mixed economies " more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises.

< Dictionary. com http :// dictionary. reference. com / browse / lord >.</ ref > In only a few cases is " lord " a substantive title in itself, most commonly that of the Lord of the Manor and certain vestigial titles from the age of feudalism such as Lord of Mann, in other cases it is a generic term applied, for example, to persons who hold a title of the peerage or persons entitled to courtesy titles, or to refer to a group or body of peers.

The term " Feudal Republic " was never used by the Novgorodians themselves ( indeed, feudalism is a seventeenth-century scholarly term ); rather they referred to their city-state as " His Majesty ( or Sovereign ) Lord Novgorod the Great " ( Государь Господин Великий Новгород / Gosudar ' Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod ), or more often as " Lord Novgorod the Great " ( Господин Великий Новгород / Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod ); The entire region-the city and its vast hinterlands-was known as The Novgorodian Land.

However this may be, after the Conquest a distinction, the result of feudalism, to use a convenient if inaccurate term, arose between real and personal property.

This gradual emancipation led the bourgeoisie to move further and further in the autonomy and " self-management " ( an anachronistic term here ), until eventually undermine the very existence of feudalism and the monarchy, and to be swept-up much later in the turmoil of the Revolution of 1789.

There the court record is useful in describing the nature of English feudalism: " At common law a feoffment in fee did not originally pass an estate in the sense in which the term is now understood.

Bastard feudalism is a term that has been used to describe feudalism in the Late Middle Ages, primarily in England.

Charles Plummer ( 1851 – 1927 ) was an English historian, best known for editing Sir John Fortescue's The Governance of England, and for coining the term ' bastard feudalism '.

Overmighty subject ( or overmighty baron ) is a term associated with bastard feudalism.

Use of the term feudalism to describe India applies a concept of medieval European origin, according to which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants ( villeins or serfs ) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

The term Indian feudalism is an attempt to classify Indian history according to a European model.

It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which, it is pertinent to remember, was coined by Bentham ), a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena.

So in these pages the term `` technology '' is used to include any and all means which could amplify, project, or augment man's control over himself and over other men.

It is of the utmost importance to the people of America and of the world how their governing President `` ends up '' during the four years of his term.

Only when that term is ended and he is a private citizen again can he be permitted the freedom and the courage to discount the dangers of his death.

`` I may possibly be a greater risk than is the normal person of my age '', the President had said on February 29th of the election year, ignoring the fact that no one of his age had ever lived out another term.

Let us not confuse the issue by labeling the objective or the method `` psychoanalytic '', for this is a well established term of art for the specific ideas and procedures initiated by Sigmund Freud and his followers for the study and treatment of disordered personalities.

Mr. Wagner might or might not be a `` new '' Mayor in this third term, now that he is free of the pressure of those party leaders whom he calls `` bosses ''.

This is done at varying speeds, ranging from the slow and fast Shifte Telli ( a musical term meaning double strings ) to the fastest, ecstatic Karshilama ( meaning greetings or welcome ).

the term of loans for working capital is 6 years.

Interim financing of construction costs is provided by a short term loan from The Chase Manhattan Bank.

For the near term, however, it must be realized that the industrial and commercial market is somewhat more sensitive to general business conditions than is the military market, and for this reason I would expect that any gain in 1961 may be somewhat smaller than those of recent years ; ;

If you would feel happier with full collision insurance, there is a small additional charge, again varying from country to country and depending on the term of such insurance.

The collective by which I address you in the title above is neither patronizing nor jocose but an exact industrial term in use among professional thieves.

for, using the fact that N and N' commute Af and so when R is sufficiently large every term in this expression for Af will be 0.

The only other one I shall mention here is his use of the term capitalism.

This is not, however, the case, and development is a term which we can apply to Hardy only in a very limited sense.

`` Disaffiliation '', by the way, is the term used by the critic and poet, Lawrence Lipton, who has written several articles on this subject, the first of which, in The Nation, quoted as Epigraph: `` We disaffiliate.

This term refers to the ability of a material to resist bending stress and is determined by measuring the load required to cause failure by bending.

Incumbent Richard Salter seeks re-election and is opposed by Donald Huffman for the five-year term.

The term " anthropology " is from the Greek anthrōpos (), " man ", understood to mean humankind or humanity, and-logia (- λογία ), " discourse " or " study.

In some European countries, all cultural anthropology is known as ethnology ( a term coined and defined by Adam F. Kollár in 1783 ).

As amoebas themselves are polyphyletic and subject to some imprecision in definition, the term " amoeboid " does not provide identification of an organism, and is better understood as description of locomotion.

Commenting on the earlier stage, the Notre Dame Chapter of the American Association of University Professors ( in a recent report on the question of faculty participation in administrative decision-making ) noted that the term `` teacher-employee '' ( as opposed to, e.g., `` maintenance employee '' ) was a not inapt description.

More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term " hydronium " be used in favor of the older accepted term " oxonium " to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted – Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid – base character.

The current term bipolar disorder is of fairly recent origin and refers to the cycling between high and low episodes ( poles ).

In recent history, born again is a term that has been widely associated with the evangelical Christian renewal since the late 1960s, first in the United States and then later around the world.

The term is of recent use but is not commonly used in psychology, and according to one analyst, " has been coined more on the Internet than in printed form because it does not appear in any previously published, psychiatric, unabridged, or abridged dictionary ".

In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term " climate change " often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming.

A more recent Australian invention is the term " reginalds " to describe underpants ( referred to as " undies " in Australian slang ), from " Reg Grundies " after Reg Grundy, the Australian media tycoon.

The use of the name is relatively recent, and the older term is still common.

The term " DHTML " has fallen out of use in recent years as it was associated with practices and conventions that tended to not work well between various web browsers.

The term " ecology " () is of a more recent origin and was first coined by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in his book Generelle Morphologie der Organismen ( 1866 ).

The modern field and term were first formulated by Sir Francis Galton in 1883, drawing on the recent work of his half-cousin Charles Darwin.

Some relatively lightweight exoplanets, only a few times more massive than Earth ( now known by the term Super-Earth ), are known as well ; statistical studies now indicate that they actually outnumber giant planets while recent discoveries have included Earth-sized and smaller planets and a handful that appear to exhibit other Earth-like properties.

In recent decades the term extreme sport was further promoted by X Games, a multi-sport event created and developed by ESPN.

Many recent examples are " backronyms " ( acronyms made up to explain a term ), as in " snob ", and " posh " for " port outward, starboard homeward "; many other sourced examples are listed in the article on backronyms.

The historian Richard J. Evans translated the term as " forcible-coordination " in his most recent work on Nazi Germany.

While Graphic Design as a discipline has a relatively recent history, with the term " graphic design " first coined by William Addison Dwiggins in 1922, graphic design-like activities span the history of humankind: from the caves of Lascaux, to Rome's Trajan's Column to the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, to the dazzling neons of Ginza.

The most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years.

Furthermore, the United States persuaded El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua to join in declaring that, under the 1923 treaty provision, no leader of the recent revolution would be recognized as president for the coming term.

New Religious Movement ( NRM ) is a term used to refer to a religious faith or an ethical, spiritual, or philosophical movement of recent origin that is not part of an established denomination, church, or religious body.

From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, and in recent years has largely displaced the term Islamic fundamentalism in academic circles.

In recent years, however, the term has been revived in an attempt to describe and categorize, in literary and philosophical terms, how it is that the work of an irrealist writer differs from the work of writers in other, non-realistic genres ( e. g., the fantasy of J. R. R.

In Brazil, in recent years the term Kwanzaa has been applied by a few institutions as a synonym for the festivities of the Black Awareness Day, commemorated on November 20 in honor of Zumbi dos Palmares, having little to do with the celebration as it was originally conceived.