For biologists, this includes human beings, although for the general public the term " animal " means only non-human animals.

The House of Representatives has 18 members, elected for a two year term, 17 in single-seat constituencies and one by a public meeting on Swain Island.

In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term " The Ashes " largely disappeared from public use.

Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served ( along with the general hype created in Australia ) to revive public interest in the legend.

Private to public equities arbitrage is a term which can arguably be applied to investment banking in general.

Ward Christensen coined the term " Bulletin Board System " as a reference to the traditional cork-and-pin bulletin board often found in entrances of supermarkets, schools, libraries or other public areas where people can post messages, advertisements, or community news.

During Selig's term of service, the use of steroids and other performance enhancing drugs became a public issue.

Esoteric Christianity is a term which refers to an ensemble of spiritual currents which regard Christianity as a mystery religion, and profess the existence and possession of certain esoteric doctrines or practices, hidden from the public but accessible only to a narrow circle of " enlightened ", " initiated ", or highly educated people.

During the 19th century, the term " casino " came to include other public buildings where pleasurable activities, including gambling, and sports took place.

The term " crony capitalism " made a significant impact in the public arena as an explanation of the Asian financial crisis.

Once the term of a copyright has expired, the formerly copyrighted work enters the public domain and may be freely used or exploited by anyone.

The term is synonymous with wealth ( commonly denoted as a person with fame and fortune ), implied with great popular appeal, prominence in a particular field, and is easily recognized by the general public.

It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism ; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity.

It was this authority of the Roman censors which eventually developed into the modern meaning of " censor " and " censorship "— i. e., officials who review published material and forbid the publication of material judged to be contrary to " public morality " as the term is interpreted in a given political and social environment.

The term took on its present meaning from a group of ministers of King Charles II of England ( Sir Thomas Clifford, Lord Arlington, the Duke of Buckingham, Lord Ashley, and Lord Lauderdale ), whose initial letters coincidentally spelled CABAL, and who were the signatories of the public Treaty of Dover that allied England to France in a prospective war against the Netherlands.

As Barlow, and the EFF, continued public education efforts to promote the idea of " digital rights ", the term was increasingly used during the internet boom of the late 1990s.

In British English and in the commonwealth countries, the term public company is more widely to describe the same sort of entity while the word company encompasses all incorporated entities.

The term often refers to a book written by a chronicler in the Middle Ages describing historical events in a country, or the lives of a nobleman or a clergyman, although it is also applied to a record of public events.

Although the concept of consilience in Whewell's sense was widely discussed by philosophers of science, the term was unfamiliar to the broader public until the end of the 20th century, when it was revived in Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, a 1998 book by the humanist biologist Edward Osborne Wilson, as an attempt to bridge the culture gap between the sciences and the humanities that was the subject of C. P. Snow's The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution ( 1959 ).

On 20 December, Kabila was sworn in for a second term, promising to invest in infrastructure and public services.

This term was first used by AT & T in commerce on July 5, 1960 and then was introduced to the public on November 18, 1963, when the first push-button telephone was made available to the public.

Some use the term dispute resolution to refer only to alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ), that is, extrajudicial processes such as arbitration, collaborative law, and mediation used to resolve conflict and potential conflict between and among individuals, business entities, governmental agencies, and ( in the public international law context ) states.

The BioLogos Foundation, an organization that promotes the idea of theistic evolution, uses the term " evolutionism " to describe " the atheistic worldview that so often accompanies the acceptance of biological evolution in public discourse.

The more technical term, " costume ," has become so linked in the public eye with the term " fashion " that the more general term " costume " has in popular use mostly been relegated to special senses like fancy dress or masquerade wear, while the term " fashion " means clothing generally, and the study of it.

The term is parallel to-ology in English, being used to construct the names of academic fields: the Chinese names of fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, political science, economics, and sociology all end in xué.

The term has two different meanings with different origins and histories: one originating in sociology and the other in literary criticism.

As a term, critical theory has two meanings with different origins and histories: the first originated in sociology and the second originated in literary criticism, whereby it is used and applied as an umbrella term that can describe a theory founded upon critique ; thus, the theorist Max Horkheimer described a theory as critical in so far as it seeks " to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them.

It originated in sociology under the term " social constructionism " and has been given the name " constructivism " when referring to philosophical epistemology, though " constructionism " and " constructivism " are often used interchangeably.

The term was earlier used in sociology by Norbert Elias in The Civilizing Process ( 1939 ) and in Marcel Mauss's account of " body techniques " ( techniques du corps ).

The term is used in related ways in social anthropology, sociobiology, sociology, as well as in popular speech.

" Social science " is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to anthropology, archaeology, criminology, economics, education, history, linguistics, communication studies, political science and international relations, sociology, geography, law, social work and psychology.

The term may however be used in the specific context of referring to the original science of society established in 19th century sociology ( Latin: socius, " companion ";-ology, " the study of ", and Greek λόγος, lógos, " word ", " knowledge ").

In his sociology, Weber uses the German term " Verstehen " to describe his method of interpretation of the intention and context of human action.

When the term emerged within the Anglo-American tradition during the 1960s, it was basically applied as a synonym for the search for patterns in the distribution of social groups, thus being closely connected to urban geography and urban sociology.

While neither author specifically coined nor used the term ' sociology of knowledge ', their work is an important first contribution to the field.

The specific term ' sociology of knowledge ' first came into widespread use in the 1920s, when a number of German-speaking sociologists, most notably Max Scheler, and Karl Mannheim, wrote extensively on it.

Under the influence of this doctrine, and of Phenomenology, the Hungarian-born German sociologist Karl Mannheim ( 1893 – 1947 ) gave impetus to the growth of the sociology of knowledge with his Ideologie und Utopie ( 1929, translated and extended in 1936 as Ideology and Utopia ), although the term had been introduced five years earlier by the co-founder of the movement, the German philosopher, phenomenologist and social theorist Max Scheler ( 1874 – 1928 ), in Versuche zu einer Soziologie des Wissens ( 1924, Attempts at a Sociology of Knowledge ).

However, the term " rationality " tends to be used differently in different disciplines, including specialized discussions of economics, sociology, psychology, and political science.

Complex systems is therefore often used as a broad term encompassing a research approach to problems in many diverse disciplines including anthropology, artificial intelligence, artificial life, chemistry, computer science, economics, evolutionary computation, earthquake prediction, meteorology, molecular biology, neuroscience, physics, psychology and sociology.

Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including physics, philosophy, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, psychology, sociology, engineering, and information science.

The field of marketing has adopted this term from sociology, using the term to refer to qualitative studies in which interviews with ( or other forms of text from ) one or a small number of people are closely read, analyzed, and interpreted.

Comparisons between economics and sociology have resulted in a corresponding term Homo sociologicus ( introduced by German Sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf in 1958 ), to parody the image of human nature given in some sociological models that attempt to limit the social forces that determine individual tastes and social values.

It has recently been discovered that the term " sociology " – a term considered coined by Comte – had already been introduced in 1780, albeit with a different meaning, by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès ( 1748 – 1836 ).

The Japanese " national character " has been written about under the term Nihonjinron, literally meaning " theories / discussions about the Japanese people " and referring to texts on matters that are normally the concerns of sociology, psychology, history, linguistics, and philosophy, but emphasizing the authors ' assumptions or perceptions of Japanese exceptionalism ; these are predominantly written in Japan by Japanese people, though noted examples have also been written by foreign residents, journalists and even scholars.

As with other sub-disciplines that have prefixed ' computational ' to their name ( e. g. computational biology, computational physics and computational sociology ), the term is reserved for ( generally mathematical ) methods that could not realistically be performed without the aid of a computer.

The term is also used to describe other forms of disintegration, including, for instance, the subdivision of the Internet into separate enclaves, the division of subfields and the creation of new fields from sociology, and the breakdown of cooperative arrangements due to the rise of independent competitive entities engaged in " beggar thy neighbour " bidding wars.