The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

To most engineers, the terms " digital circuit ", " digital system " and " logic " are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits.

The terms and formulas of first-order logic are strings of symbols which together form the alphabet of the language.

Similarly logic tells us to view the world in terms of individuals and relations, but does not specify which individuals and relations to use.

This advancement was different from the traditional syllogistic logic which was focused on terms.

The phrase ordinary language is often used in philosophy and logic to distinguish between ordinary, unsurprising uses of terms and their more specialized uses in theorizing, or jargon.

These formal terms are manipulated by the rules of mathematics and logic, and any results are interpreted or translated back into the problem domain.

Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules.

In Prolog, program logic is expressed in terms of relations, and a computation is initiated by running a query over these relations.

Variables closely resemble variables in logic in that they are placeholders for arbitrary terms.

In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous object requires a clock signal.

In the nineteenth century, Charles Sanders Peirce defined what he termed " semiotic " ( which he sometimes spelled as " semeiotic ") as the " quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs ", which abstracts " what must be the characters of all signs used by ... an intelligence capable of learning by experience ", and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes.

Mark and space are terms describing logic levels in teleprinter circuits.

Aristotle's term logic had been concerned with the interrelations of terms such as " Socrates " or " man " (" all men are mortal, Socrates is a man, so Socrates is mortal ").

These mistakes filter into the terms through which being is articulated in the history of philosophy — such as reality, logic, God, consciousness, and presence.

These terms are used in scientific disciplines from mathematics and logic to economics and psychology to denote similar investigative procedures.

When he was not debunking literary conventions he was often explaining them, as with the early " Harold Shea " stories co-written with Fletcher Pratt, in which the magical premises behind a number of bodies of myths and legends were accepted as a given but examined and elucidated in terms of their own systems of inherent logic.

In a 1902 letter, he announced the discovery to Gottlob Frege of the paradox in Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift and framed the problem in terms of both logic and set theory, and in particular in terms of Frege's definition of function ; in the following, p. 17 refers to a page in the original Begriffsschrift, and page 23 refers to the same page in van Heijenoort 1967:

A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic — a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in contrast to classical or digital logic, which operates on discrete values of either 1 or 0 ( true or false, respectively ).

The logical positivist interpretation is that Hume analyses causal propositions, such as " A caused B ", in terms of regularities in perception: " A caused B " is equivalent to " Whenever A-type events happen, B-type ones follow ", where " whenever " refers to all possible perceptions.

In turn, the logical layer calls upon the physical layer to implement OS requests in terms understandable by the hardware.

Note that these arguments may indeed have validity, but they require some independent justification of the connection between their terms: otherwise the argument ( as a logical tool ) remains fallacious.

In general terms, a calculus is a formal system that consists of a set of syntactic expressions ( well-formed formulæ or wffs ), a distinguished subset of these expressions ( axioms ), plus a set of formal rules that define a specific binary relation, intended to be interpreted as logical equivalence, on the space of expressions.

Mach's influence is most apparent in the logical positivists ' persistent concern with metaphysics, the unity of science, and the interpretation of the theoretical terms of science, as well as the doctrines of reductionism and phenomenalism, later abandoned by many positivists.

The same concept is employed in other fields where it is expressed by terms such as schematic variable ( see logical form ).

" His second argument, which follows from the first, is that once the caricature of " constant speedism " is dismissed, we are left with one logical alternative, which Dawkins terms " variable speedism.

Syntactic categories were identified with logical ones, and all sentences were analyzed in terms of " Subject – Copula – Predicate ".

According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Solovyov thought, “ Although empiricism and rationalism (= idealism ) rest on false principles, their respective objective contents, external experience, qua the foundation of natural science, and logical thought, qua the foundation of pure philosophy, are to be synthesized or encompassed along with mystical knowledge in ' integral knowledge ,' what Solovyov terms ' theosophy.

( Unknown to Alice, these are standard terms in the jargon of rowing — and thus the Queen / Sheep, for a change, is speaking in a perfectly logical and meaningful way!

In strict logical terms, via contraposition, this statement is equivalent to:

The logical topologies are generally determined by network protocols as opposed to being determined by the physical layout of cables, wires, and network devices or by the flow of the electrical signals, although in many cases the paths that the electrical signals take between nodes may closely match the logical flow of data, hence the convention of using the terms logical topology and signal topology interchangeably.

Conventional usage of the terms data processing and information systems restricts their use to refer to the algorithmic derivations, logical deductions, and statistical calculations that recur perennially in general business environments, rather than in the more expansive sense of all conversions of real-world measurements into real-world information in, say, an organic biological system or even a scientific or engineering system.

Heisenberg and Bohr always described quantum mechanics in logical positivist terms.

Hare and other philosophers also point out that, aside from logical constraints, all systems treat certain moral terms alike in an evaluative sense.

On the other hand, Hegel did use a three-valued logical model that is very similar to the antithesis model, but Hegel's most usual terms were: Abstract-Negative-Concrete.

It is constructed to show all the possible combinations of a set of logical terms with their negatives, and, further, the way in which these combinations are affected by the addition of attributes or other limiting words, i. e., to simplify mechanically the solution of logical problems.

These instruments are all more or less elaborate developments of the " logical slate ", on which were written in vertical columns all the combinations of symbols or letters that could logically be made out of a definite number of terms.

If both premises are true, the terms are clear and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion of the argument follows by logical necessity.

This logical fallacy is neatly demonstrated by the joke syllogism that contains a fallacy of four terms:

These responses are explicable in terms of characteristics inherent in the crisis.

When the reactionary response is thus bolstered by an intellectual defense, the characteristics of that defense are explicable only in terms of the basic attitudes of unanalyzed reaction.

But these terms are treacherous.

SBA loans, which may be made to small manufacturers, small business pools, wholesalers, retailers, service establishments and other small businesses ( when financing is not otherwise available to them on reasonable terms ), are to finance business construction, conversion, or expansion ; ;

This help is offered to applicants who ordinarily would not undertake the exploration under present conditions or circumstances at their sole expense and who are unable to obtain funds from commercial sources on reasonable terms.

Present pool quarters at two locations in Providence are crowded, antiquated and, in general, make for inefficient operation in terms of dispersement of personnel and duplication of such operational needs as stock and repair equipment.

That means that, if we are to achieve a new standard of leadership, we must think in terms of the total context of our situation.

Their friends and ours are welcome to share the pool, but on our terms and at our times.

Cooling requirements are best expressed in terms of Aj.

The terms are fairly safe to use on this side of the ocean, but before you start spouting them to your date, it might be best to find out if he was a member of Major Pockmanster's Delhi Regiment, since resentment toward the natives was reportedly very high in that outfit.

The information provided by the electron paramagnetic effects is then discussed, and finally the nuclear effects are interpreted in terms of various motional-modified models of the Af bond in Af.

their classes of animal and plant terms are restricted to generalizations or recurrent parts ( fish, bird, tree, grass, horn, tail, bark, root ).

What we have left as reasonably comparable are four classes: ( 1 ) body parts and products, which with a proportionally nearly even representation ( 51 terms out of 253, 25 out of 100 ) come out with nearly even ratios ; ;

Here again laboratory approaches are being evolved, for it is recognized how `` elastic '' these readings can be, how they can apply to many people, and are often stated in general terms all too easily applied to any individual's own case.

Slavery was prohibited in Massachusetts by the terms of the constitution of 1780, which declared `` all men are born free and equal ''.

The terms are generally taken for granted as though they referred to direct and axiomatic elements in the common experience of all.

Mythological concepts may by all means still be used, but they can be used responsibly only as `` symbols '' or `` ciphers '', that is, only if they are also constantly interpreted in nonmythological ( or existential ) terms.

To do this, it is sufficient to point out that if the principle in terms of which alternatives are to be conceived is such as to exclude more than two, then the question of a `` third '' possibility is a meaningless question.

Against such a termination of human life on earth by human action, he then proposes as an alternative that we `` negotiate at once with the Russians and get the best terms which are available '', that we deliberately `` negotiate from comparative weakness ''.

If we have not thought and made a decision entirely in these terms, then we need to submit ourselves to the following `` simple test '': `` Have we decided how we are to kill the other members of our household in the event of our being less injured than they are ''??

Even Professor Arnold Toynbee, agreeing with his son, does so in these terms: `` Compared to continuing to incur a constant risk of the destruction of the human race, all other evils are lesser evils.

`` I think we're agreed that he and Evans are equal in ability, so we have to look at the thing in terms of incentive.

The majority of the clocks are caesium clocks ; the definition of the SI second is written in terms of caesium.