The term was coined by Fanya Montalvo by analogy with NP-complete and NP-hard in complexity theory, which formally describes the most famous class of difficult problems.

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe.

Thus, the Big Bang theory cannot and does not provide any explanation for such an initial condition ; rather, it describes and explains the general evolution of the universe going forward from that point on.

Cosmological perturbation theory, which describes the evolution of slight inhomogeneities in the early universe, has allowed cosmologists to precisely calculate the angular power spectrum of the radiation, and it has been measured by the recent satellite experiments ( COBE and WMAP ) and many ground and balloon-based experiments ( such as Degree Angular Scale Interferometer, Cosmic Background Imager, and Boomerang ).

Clare Birchall at the University of Kent describes conspiracy theory as a form of popular knowledge.

Legislation must conform to a theory of legitimacy, which describes the circumstances under which a particular person or group is entitled to make law, and a theory of legislative justice, which describes the law they are entitled or obliged to make.

In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function ( CDF ), or just distribution function, describes the probability that a real-valued random variable X with a given probability distribution will be found at a value less than or equal to x.

The Yoneda lemma is one of the most famous basic results of category theory ; it describes representable functors in functor categories.

Research on these geometries led to, among other things, Einstein's theory of general relativity, which describes the universe as non-Euclidean.

In philosophy, the term critical theory describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, developed in Europe in the 1930s, that engaged the works of intellectuals such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud.

In it, he puts forth a new theory about the nature of space and describes how this theory influences thinking about architecture, building, planning, and the way in which we view the world in general.

Passive cable theory describes how voltage changes at a particular location on a dendrite transmit this electrical signal through a system of converging dendrite segments of different diameters, lengths, and electrical properties.

For example, attachment theory describes kinds of interpersonal relationships and Lawrence Kohlberg describes stages in moral reasoning.

Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc.

Marginalist theory, such as above, describes the consumers as attempting to reach most-preferred positions, subject to income and wealth constraints while producers attempt to maximize profits subject to their own constraints, including demand for goods produced, technology, and the price of inputs.

The term is sometimes also colloquially used to refer to acceptance of the modern evolutionary synthesis, a scientific theory that describes how biological evolution occurs.

A third theory is that Galatians 2: 1-10 describes Paul and Barnabas ' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11: 30 and 12: 25.

LTI system theory describes linear time-invariant ( LTI ) filters of all types.

A form of attribution theory developed by Bernard Weiner describes how students ' beliefs about the causes of academic success or failure affect their emotions and motivations.

BCS theory, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer ( BCS ) in 1957, is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since its discovery in 1911.

The theory was first published in April 1957 in the letter, " Microscopic theory of superconductivity ".

The 1950 Landau-Ginzburg theory of superconductivity is not cited in either of the BCS papers.

Recently alternative theory of superconductivity has been proposed.

Extensions of BCS theory exist to describe these other cases, although they are insufficient to completely describe the observed features of high-temperature superconductivity.

Albert Einstein, in 1922, said regarding contemporary theories of superconductivity that “ with our far-reaching ignorance of the quantum mechanics of composite systems we are very far from being able to compose a theory out of these vague ideas ”

Eventually in 1965, John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Schrieffer developed the so-called BCS theory of superconductivity, based on the discovery that arbitrarily small attraction between two electrons can give rise to a bound state called a Cooper pair.

In 1957, John Bardeen, in collaboration with Leon Cooper and his doctoral student John Robert Schrieffer, proposed the standard theory of superconductivity known as the BCS theory ( named for their initials ).

BCS theory explains conventional superconductivity, the ability of certain metals at low temperatures to conduct electricity without electrical resistance.

BCS theory views superconductivity as a macroscopic quantum mechanical effect.

In 1972, John Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon N Cooper of Brown University and John Robert Schrieffer of the University of Pennsylvania for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.

In 1971, Bardeen received the IEEE Medal of Honor for " his profound contributions to the understanding of the conductivity of solids, to the invention of the transistor, and to the microscopic theory of superconductivity.

File: Bardeen. jpg | John Bardeen ( 1908 – 1991 ): awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor and again in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.

They are also used in the description of critical phenomena and quantum phase transitions, such as in the BCS theory of superconductivity.

During the 1950s, theoretical condensed matter physicists arrived at a solid understanding of " conventional " superconductivity, through a pair of remarkable and important theories: the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory ( 1950 ) and the microscopic BCS theory ( 1957 ).

The first phenomenological theory of superconductivity was London theory.

In 1950, the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity was devised by Landau and Ginzburg.

The complete microscopic theory of superconductivity was finally proposed in 1957 by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer.

Curious as to how fungi reproduced Potter began microscopic drawings of fungi spores ( the agarics ) and in 1895 developed a theory of their germination.

Since the early twentieth century, quantum theory has proved to be successful in describing accurately the physical reality of the mesoscopic and microscopic world, in multiple reproducible physics experiments.

Quantum mechanics ( QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory ) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.

However, this theory only explained experimental observations — it did not allow the microscopic origins of the superconducting properties to be identified.

Another, known as the cushioned hammock theory, resulted from microscopic study of teeth, which was thought to show a ligament around the root.

For macroscopic bodies with known volumes and numbers of atoms or molecules per unit volume, the total van der Waals force is often computed based on the " microscopic theory " as the sum over all interacting pairs.

The microscopic theory assumes pairwise additivity.

The kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure and volume, to the microscopic properties of the molecules which make up the gas, particularly the mass and speed of the molecules.

In order to derive Charles's law from kinetic theory, it is necessary to have a microscopic definition of temperature: this can be conveniently taken as the temperature being proportional to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules, < u style =" font-style: italic ; text-decoration: overline "> E </ u >< sub > k </ sub >:

It could coalesce to create organization on all scales, from the smallest microscopic units — called bions in orgone theory — to macroscopic structures like organisms, clouds, or even galaxies.

The microscopic explanation for this is based in kinetic theory and the random motion of molecules.

Later, a version of Ginzburg-Landau theory was derived from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer microscopic theory by Lev Gor ' kov, thus showing that it also appears in some limit of microscopic theory and giving microscopic interpretation of all its parameters.