The thermal mass properties of concrete increase the efficiency of both residential and commercial buildings.

A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air-fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency.

The maximum thermal efficiency of a Diesel cycle is dependent on the compression ratio and the cut-off ratio.

: is thermal efficiency

This formula only gives the ideal thermal efficiency.

The actual thermal efficiency will be significantly lower due to heat and friction losses.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio.

Low-speed diesel engines ( as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant ) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50 percent.

When energy is in a form other than thermal energy, it may be transformed with good or even perfect efficiency, to any other type of energy, including electricity or production of new particles of matter.

With thermal energy, however, there are often limits to the efficiency of the conversion to other forms of energy, as described by the second law of thermodynamics.

In general terms, the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and the cold sink, the larger is the potential thermal efficiency of the cycle.

It is the most efficient and powerful internal combustion engine in the world with over 50 % thermal efficiency.

For comparison, the most efficient small four-stroke motors are around 43 % thermal efficiency ( SAE 900648 ); size is an advantage for efficiency due to the increase in the ratio of volume to surface area.

Also the thermal efficiency is improved because of lack of cylinder heads.

Previous split-cycle engines have had two major problems-poor breathing ( volumetric efficiency ) and low thermal efficiency.

Scuderi addresses the low thermal efficiency via firing ATDC.

Higher thermal stability allows for greater temperature difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures, hence greater thermodynamic efficiency.

The thermal efficiency of these reactors can be higher, and they can be simpler, and even potentially more stable and safe.

They can have a high thermal efficiency compared with PWRs due to higher operating temperatures.

Whilst this makes the Parsons turbine much longer and heavier, the overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is slightly higher than the equivalent impulse turbine for the same thermal energy conversion.

Mazda was able to improve the fuel efficiency of the thermal reactor system by 40 % by the time of introduction of the RX-7 in 1978, but eventually shifted to the catalytic converter system.

* assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency and HVAC system controls at every stage of the design process ;

GE H series power generation gas turbine: in combined cycle configuration, this 480-megawatt unit has a rated Thermodynamic efficiency | thermal efficiency of 60 %.

Another effect discovered is the large coefficient of thermal diffusion tending to separate nitrogen from the oxygen when temperature differences straddling the nitrogen dissociation region are present.

The observed intensity of the radio emission of Venus is much higher than the expected thermal intensity, although the spectrum indicated by measurements at wave lengths near 3 cm and 10 cm is like that of a black body at about 600-degrees.

This result suggests a very high temperature at the solid surface of the planet, although there is the possibility that the observed radiation may be a combination of both thermal and non-thermal components and that the observed spectrum is that of a black body merely by coincidence.

For the case of Jupiter, the radio emission spectrum is definitely not like the spectrum of a black-body radiator, and it seems very likely that the radiation reaching the earth is a combination of thermal radiation from the atmosphere and non-thermal components.

Mars has been observed twice at about 3-cm wave length, and the intensity of the observed radiation is in reasonable agreement with the thermal radiation which might be predicted on the basis of the known temperature of Mars.

No attempts to measure the radio emission of the remaining planets have been reported, and, because of their distances, small diameters, or low temperatures, the thermal radiation at radio wave lengths reaching the earth from these sources is expected to be of very low intensity.

The radio radiation of the sun which is reflected from the moon and planets should be negligible compared with their thermal emission at centimeter wave lengths, except possibly at times of exceptional outbursts of solar radio noise.

The purpose of the present study is to study the thermal conditions and to establish an energy balance for a transpiration cooled anode as well as the effect of blowing on the arc voltage.

The thermal exchange of chlorine between Af and liquid Af is readily measurable at temperatures in the range of 180-degrees and above.

The brick ’ s thickness is preferred partially due to its thermal characteristics, and partially due to the stability of a thicker brick versus a more standard-sized brick.

* Armenia's largest thermal power plant which is in the town of Hrazdan and is gas-burning

However, in the classical interpretation, it is zero and the thermal energy of matter vanishes.

In an adiabatic irreversible process, dQ = 0 is not equal to TdS ( TdS > 0 ) where Q is thermal energy, T is temperature, and S is entropy.

The root mean square value of the thermal noise in a resistor is given by

Propyne, also industrially useful, is also prepared by thermal cracking of hydrocarbons.

Above, h is enthalpy, k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid, T is temperature, and is the viscous dissipation function.

Therefore, it works as a neutron reflector and neutron moderator, effectively slowing the neutrons to the thermal energy range of below 0. 03 eV, where the total cross section is at least an order of magnitude lower – exact value strongly depends on the purity and size of the crystallites in the material.

CVD oxide invariably has lower quality than thermal oxide, but thermal oxidation can only be used in the earliest stages of IC manufacturing.

Diamond's very high scratch resistance and thermal conductivity, combined with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than Pyrex glass, a coefficient of friction close to that of Teflon ( Polytetrafluoroethylene ) and strong lipophilicity would make it a nearly ideal non-stick coating for cookware if large substrate areas could be coated economically.

It determines that thermal energy always flows spontaneously from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature, in the form of heat.

Solar radiation at the frequencies of visible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation.

The lower CTE also makes them less subject to stress caused by thermal expansion, thus less vulnerable to cracking from thermal shock.

Fission based thermal rocket concepts produce lower exhaust velocities than the electric and plasma concepts described below, and are less suitable except for applications requiring high thrust-to-weight ratio, as in planetary escape.

In a nuclear reactor, k will actually oscillate from slightly less than 1 to slightly more than 1, due primarily to thermal effects ( as more power is produced, the fuel rods warm and thus expand, lowering their capture ratio, and thus driving k lower ).

When in thermal equilibrium, then, it is seen that the lower energy state is more populated than the higher energy state, and this is the normal state of the system.

Non-ionizing radiation is usually considered to have a safe lower limit, especially as thermal radiation is unavoidable and ubiquitous.

The opposite carrier is called the minority carrier, which exists due to thermal excitation at a much lower concentration compared to the majority carrier.

In normal media at thermal equilibrium, absorption exceeds stimulated emission because there are more electrons in the lower energy states than in the higher energy states.

The exhaust is, however, relatively low in NOx emissions, as combustion temperatures are lower than in other engines, and also because of some inherent Exhaust Gas Recirculation-EGR-in early engines ; the higher the combustion temperature is, the higher the NOx emissions are ( sir Harry Ricardo proved in the 20's that for every 1 % increase of the proportion of exhaust gas in the admission mix, there's a 45º F reduction in flame temperature ); this allowed Mazda to meet the United States Clean Air Act of 1970 in 1973 with a simple and inexpensive ' thermal reactor ' ( an enlarged open chamber in the exhaust manifold ) by paradoxically enriching the air-fuel ratio to the point where the unburned hydrocarbons ( HC ) in the exhaust would support complete combustion in the thermal reactor ; while piston-engine cars required expensive catalytic converters to deal with both unburned hydrocarbons and NOx emissions.

Robert Bussard proposed the Single-Stage-To-Orbit " Aspen " vehicle using a nuclear thermal rocket for propulsion and liquid hydrogen propellant for partial shielding against neutron back scattering in the lower atmosphere.

Still, the lower thrust-to-weight ratio of nuclear thermal rockets versus chemical rockets ( which have thrust-to-weight ratios of 70: 1 ) and the large tanks necessary for liquid hydrogen storage mean that solid-core engines are best used in upper stages where vehicle velocity is already near orbital, in space " tugs " used to take payloads between gravity wells, or in launches from a lower gravity planet, moon or minor planet where the required thrust is lower.

In many cases, the special case of thermal noise arises, which sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured or signaled and is related to basic physical processes described by thermodynamics, some of which are expressible by simple formulae.

A thermal column ( or thermal ) is a vertical section of rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere.