Upon detonation, a 1 kiloton neutron bomb would produce a large blast wave, and a powerful pulse of both thermal radiation and ionizing radiation, mostly in the form of fast ( 14. 1 MeV ) neutrons.

The thermal pulse would cause third degree burns to unprotected skin out to approximately 500 m. The blast would create at least 4. 6 PSI out to a radius of 600 m, which would severely damage non-reinforced structures.

In telecommunication, equivalent pulse code modulation noise ( PCM ) is the amount of thermal noise power on a frequency-division multiplexing ( FDM ) or wire channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quantizing noise in a PCM channel.

Actual ignition of materials depends on how long the thermal pulse lasts and the thickness and moisture content of the target.

After enough additional helium accumulates, helium fusion is reignited, leading to a thermal pulse which eventually causes the star to expand and brighten temporarily ( the pulse in luminosity is delayed because it takes a number of years for the energy from restarted helium fusion to reach the surface ).

When the laser pulse is absorbed by the target, energy is first converted to electronic excitation and then into thermal, chemical and mechanical energy resulting in evaporation, ablation, plasma formation and even exfoliation.

While this ( or any ) tactic would be useless for someone at ground zero during a nuclear blast, it would be beneficial to the vast majority of people who are positioned away from the blast hypocenter: both the thermal pulse of some weapons and shrapnel from all weapons ( particularly from shattered windows ) could be evaded.

Some pigs were placed in elevated cages and provided with suits made of different materials, to test which materials provided best protection from the thermal pulse.

However, over periods of 10, 000 to 100, 000 years, the helium shell switches on again, and the hydrogen shell switches off, a process known as a helium shell flash or thermal pulse.

If the helium is re-ignited a thermal pulse occurs and the star quickly returns to the AGB, becoming a helium-burning, hydrogen-deficient stellar object.

If the star still has a hydrogen-burning shell when this thermal pulse occurs, it is termed a late thermal pulse.

Otherwise it is called a very late thermal pulse.

Observationally, this late thermal pulse phase appears almost identical to a Wolf – Rayet star in the midst of its own planetary nebula.

Pulse brevity down only to the nanosecond regime is sufficient to localize thermal ablation – before the heat is conducted far, the energy input ( pulse ) has ended.

After the pulse, when the voltage returns to its steady-state value, the defects start to emit trapped carriers due to the thermal emission process.

Solar thermal ( STP ), nuclear fission thermal ( NTP ), and nuclear fission pulse, as well as various RTG isotopes were examined.

The effects of a series of different cooling times can be seen if a hypothetical sample which contains sodium, uranium and cobalt in a 100: 10: 1 ratio was subjected to a very short pulse of thermal neutrons.

In the thermoelastic regime the ultrasound is generated by the sudden thermal expansion due to the heating of a tiny surface of the material by the laser pulse.

This is not a result of ionizing radiation but rather heat from the blast's thermal pulse being reflected and absorbed by different parts of the clothing pattern.

Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may or may not be homogeneous in distribution, depending on thermal ( heat treatment ) history.

Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum.

Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications, and as a component of Terfenol-D. Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are considered non-toxic.

Similarly, a fluid while flowing under constant stress may show some elastic properties as well, such as storing some of the energy input instead of dissipating it all as heat and random thermal motion of its molecular constituents or having some recovery of strains after stresses are removed, although it may never recover all of its deformation upon removal of the initial applied stress.

The exhaust is, however, relatively low in NOx emissions, as combustion temperatures are lower than in other engines, and also because of some inherent Exhaust Gas Recirculation-EGR-in early engines ; the higher the combustion temperature is, the higher the NOx emissions are ( sir Harry Ricardo proved in the 20's that for every 1 % increase of the proportion of exhaust gas in the admission mix, there's a 45º F reduction in flame temperature ); this allowed Mazda to meet the United States Clean Air Act of 1970 in 1973 with a simple and inexpensive ' thermal reactor ' ( an enlarged open chamber in the exhaust manifold ) by paradoxically enriching the air-fuel ratio to the point where the unburned hydrocarbons ( HC ) in the exhaust would support complete combustion in the thermal reactor ; while piston-engine cars required expensive catalytic converters to deal with both unburned hydrocarbons and NOx emissions.

In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important.

Such facilities might be nuclear or coal-fired power stations, or hydroelectric, while other renewable energy sources such as concentrated solar thermal and geothermal power have the potential to provide base load power.

Her ruthless bargaining, negotiating the price for Chewbacca while holding an armed thermal detonator, impresses Jabba enough to allow her quarters in the palace for the night.

It is different from specific heat capacity in that the VHC is a ' per unit volume ' measure of the relationship between thermal energy and temperature of a material, while the specific heat is a ' per unit mass ' measure ( or occasionally per molar quantity of the material ).

The temperature of a material with low thermal inertia changes significantly during the day, while the temperature of a material with high thermal inertia does not change as drastically.

The supply is dominated by thermal generation ( 60 %), while hydropower ( 40 %) has a smaller share in its generation mix compared to other South American countries ( Latin America and the Caribbean, or LAC, average hydropower capacity is 51 %.

Miller later built a non-magnetic device to eliminate magnetostriction, while Michelson built one of non-expanding Invar to eliminate any remaining thermal effects.

Other predisposing factors leading to immersion hypothermia include dehydration, inadequate rewarming with repetitive diving, starting a dive while wearing cold, wet dry suit undergarments, sweating with work, inadequate thermal insulation ( for example, thin dry suit undergarment ), and poor physical conditioning.

One might expect the term " radiator " to apply to devices that transfer heat primarily by thermal radiation ( see: infrared heating ), while a device which relied primarily on natural or forced convection would be called a " convector ".

An important difference between the black hole radiation as computed by Hawking and thermal radiation emitted from a black body is that the latter is statistical in nature, and only its average satisfies what is known as Planck's law of black body radiation, while the former fits the data better.

Thus thermal radiation contains information about the body that emitted it, while Hawking radiation seems to contain no such information, and depends only on the mass, angular momentum, and charge of the black hole ( the no-hair theorem ).

This ratio determines whether or not the temperatures inside a body will vary significantly in space, while the body heats or cools over time, from a thermal gradient applied to its surface.

* Increasing the operation frequency of a component will usually increase its thermal output in a linear fashion, while an increase in voltage usually causes heat to increase quadratically.

Water has a thermal conductivity of 0. 58 Wm < sup >− 1 </ sup > K < sup >− 1 </ sup > while still air has a thermal conductivity of 0. 024 Wm < sup >− 1 </ sup > K < sup >− 1 </ sup >, so an unprotected individual can succumb to hypothermia even in warmish water on a warm day.

Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum.

Low-emissivity windows in houses are a more complicated technology, since they must have low emissivity at thermal wavelengths while remaining transparent to visible light.

Although the terms adiabatic and isocaloric can often be interchanged, adiabatic processes may be considered a subset of isocaloric processes ; the remaining complement subset of isocaloric processes being processes where net heat transfer does not diverge regionally such as in an idealized case with mediums of infinite thermal conductivity or non-existent thermal capacity.

Additionally Mobile XPs feature not being multiplier-locked and generally higher-rated maximum operating temperatures, requirements intended for better operation within the tight thermal constraints within a notebook PC-but also making them attractive for overclocking.

* Due to the energy gap, the specific heat of the superconductor is suppressed strongly ( exponentially ) at low temperatures, there being no thermal excitations left.

These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog.

Calorimetry requires that the material being heated have known definite thermal constitutive properties.

Simple presentations of the greenhouse effect, such as the idealized greenhouse model, show this heat being lost as thermal radiation.

The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock.

Aneroid gauges are not dependent on the type of gas being measured, unlike thermal and ionization gauges, and are less likely to contaminate the system than hydrostatic gauges.

** In the Star Trek: Enterprise episodes " Demons " and " Terra Prime " ( both 2005 ) it is revealed that Mars is in the process of being terraformed by use of the Verteron array which redirects comets to crashland on the planet's surface ; by 2155 the atmosphere had been sufficiently altered so that, in the lowlands, Humans could breathe the air unassisted, though temperatures were still cold enough to require thermal gear.

This motion can be detected as temperature ; higher temperatures, which represent greater kinetic energy in the particles, feel warm to humans whom sense the thermal energy transferring from the object being touched to their nerves.

Specifically, Mica is unusual in that it is a good electrical insulator at the same time as being a good thermal conductor.

Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond only to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity ( nociceptors ), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation ; the most common categories being " thermal " ( heat or cold ), " mechanical " ( crushing, tearing, etc.

A common example of such radiation is sunlight, which is thermal radiation from the Sun's photosphere and which contains enough ultraviolet light ( before being filtered by the Earth's atmosphere ) to cause ionization in many molecules and atoms.

The product is a function of the temperature, as the probability of getting enough thermal energy to produce a pair increases with temperature, being approximately exp (− E < sub > G </ sub >/ kT ), where k is Boltzmann's constant, T is absolute temperature and E < sub > G </ sub > is band gap.

Unlike a piston engine, where the cylinder is cooled by the incoming charge after being heated by combustion, Wankel rotor housings are constantly heated on one side and cooled on the other, leading to high local temperatures and unequal thermal expansion.

As with nuclear thermal rockets, the specific impulse achievable by these methods is limited by materials considerations, typically being in the range of 1000 – 2000 seconds.

Hot air balloons that can be propelled through the air rather than just being pushed along by the wind are known as airships or, more specifically, thermal airships.

Relaxation of a stretched rubber band is thus driven by an increase in entropy, and the force experienced is not electrostatic, rather it is a result of the thermal energy of the material being converted to kinetic energy.

The downward moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal.

They have high dielectric constants, very high thermal conductivity, high flash points ( from 170 to 380 ° C ) and are chemically fairly inert, being extremely resistant to oxidation, reduction, addition, elimination, and electrophilic substitution.

Occasionally transient conduction problems may be considerably simplified if regions of the object being heated or cooled can be identified, in which thermal conductivity is very much greater than that for heat paths leading into the region.

Before being fed into the steam generator, the condensed steam ( referred to as feedwater ) is sometimes preheated in order to minimize thermal shock.

Because the milk was not being encapsulated and because spray drying causes thermal degradation, milk dehydration and similar processes have been replaced by other dehydration techniques.