Many find aberration to be counter-intuitive, and a simple thought experiment based on everyday experience can help in its understanding.

A supplementary thought experiment with the same objective of determining the occurrence of absolute rotation also was proposed by Newton: the example of observing two identical spheres in rotation about their center of gravity and tied together by a string.

: This thought experiment highlights the implications that accepting uncertainty at the microscopic level has on macroscopic objects.

The completeness of quantum mechanics ( thesis 1 ) was attacked by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment which was intended to show that quantum physics could not be a complete theory.

As a serious proposal, it was first suggested by mathematician John Von Neumann in the late 1940s when he proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton model as a thought experiment.

The Chinese room is a thought experiment presented by John Searle.

Searle's thought experiment begins with this hypothetical premise: suppose that artificial intelligence research has succeeded in constructing a computer that behaves as if it understands Chinese.

However, any file that has any useful purpose, outside of a thought experiment, must have some physical manifestation.

Another predecessor was Avicenna's " Floating Man " thought experiment on human self-awareness and self-consciousness.

The following thought experiment is reproduced from Hartle's Gravity:

The concept of the Dyson sphere was the result of a thought experiment by physicist and mathematician Freeman Dyson, when he theorized that all technological civilizations constantly increased their demand for energy.

The double-slit experiment ( and its variations ), conducted with individual particles, has become a classic thought experiment for its clarity in expressing the central puzzles of quantum mechanics.

Like the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, the double-slit experiment is often used to highlight the differences and similarities between the various interpretations of quantum mechanics.

In the thought experiment, a man, Henry, is driving along and sees a number of buildings that resemble barns.

During the middle ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

Albert Einstein and his colleagues Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen ( known collectively as EPR ) designed a thought experiment intended to reveal what they believed to be inadequacies of quantum mechanics.

He presented a thought experiment in which electrons are introduced through a small hole in a sphere whose inner surface serves as a detection screen.

EPR tried to set up a paradox to question the range of true application of Quantum Mechanics: Quantum theory predicts that both values cannot be known for a particle, and yet the EPR thought experiment purports to show that they must all have determinate values.

The EPR thought experiment, performed with electron – positron pairs.

To illustrate this idea, we can formulate a very simple hidden variable theory for the above thought experiment.

In 1964, John Bell showed that the predictions of quantum mechanics in the EPR thought experiment are significantly different from the predictions of a particular class of hidden variable theories ( the local hidden variable theories ).

This sparked an entire school of thought within economics, Free Banking, with banks not being banned from having fractional reserves as Rothbard advocated, but instead being free to experiment and discover the best method of conducting business.

This kind of medieval mappa mundi illustrates only the reachable side of a spherical Earth | round Earth, since it was thought that no one could cross a clime | torrid clime near the equator to the other half of the globe.

The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox.

Parfit illustrates this with a simple thought experiment.

Condillac's work on politics and history, contained, for the most part, in his Cours d ' études, offers few features of interest, except so far as it illustrates his close affinity to English thought: he had not the warmth and imagination to make a good historian.

Their actions in what became known as the Vaal River Drift Question best illustrates the plan of action that the Transvaal government thought best.

A Roman Catholic convert, his career illustrates the development of religious opinion at a time of crisis in the history of English religious thought.

The following thought experiment illustrates the contradiction:

The implications of this stance are rarely discussed outside of the microscopic domain but the thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat illustrates the difficulties presented.

( See also list of Jews in politics, which illustrates the diversity of Jewish political thought and of the roles Jews have played in politics.

The treatise shows the development of Aristotle's thought through two different periods while he was in Athens, and illustrates Aristotle's expansion of the study of rhetoric beyond Plato's early criticism of it in the Gorgias ( ca.

( See list of Jews in politics, which illustrates the diversity of Jewish political thought and of the roles Jews have played in politics.

In quantum mechanics, the Renninger negative-result experiment is a thought experiment that illustrates some of the difficulties of understanding the nature of wave function collapse and measurement in quantum mechanics.

Lemaître, however, thought thatIf the world has begun with a single quantum, the notions of space and time would altogether fail to have any meaning at the beginning ; they would only begin to have a sensible meaning when the original quantum had been divided into a sufficient number of quanta.

In the EPR paper ( 1935 ) the authors realised that quantum mechanics was inconsistent with their assumptions, but Einstein nevertheless thought that quantum mechanics might simply be augmented by hidden variables ( i. e. variables which were, at that point, still obscure to him ), without any other change, to achieve an acceptable theory.

A number of authors have published papers disputing Nimtz's claim that Einstein causality is violated by his experiments, and there are many other papers in the literature discussing why quantum tunneling is not thought to violate causality.

The holographic principle is a property of quantum gravity and string theories which states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a boundary to the region — preferably a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon.

This limitation was first elucidated by Heisenberg through a thought experiment, and is represented mathematically in the new formalism by the non-commutativity of quantum observables.

Schrödinger himself initially did not understand the fundamental probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, as he thought that the absolute square of the wave function of an electron should be interpreted as the charge density of an object smeared out over an extended, possibly infinite, volume of space.

Finally, some of the originators of quantum theory ( notably Einstein and Schrödinger ) were unhappy with what they thought were the philosophical implications of quantum mechanics.

Error correction is vital for practical quantum computing, and for some time this was thought to be a fatal limitation.

Nevertheless, consider the EPR thought experiment, and suppose quantum states could be cloned.

File: Schrodinger. jpg | Erwin Schrödinger ( 1887-1961 ): formulated the Schrödinger equation in 1926 describing how the quantum state of a physical system changes with time, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, two years later proposed the thought experiment known as Schrödinger's cat

Many of the results of quantum mechanics are not easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics — for instance, the ground state in a quantum mechanical model is a non-zero energy state that is the lowest permitted energy state of a system, as opposed to a more " traditional " system that is thought of as simply being at rest, with zero kinetic energy.

If the error rate is small enough, it is thought to be possible to use quantum error correction, which corrects errors due to decoherence, thereby allowing the total calculation time to be longer than the decoherence time.

In this study, they formulated the EPR paradox ( Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen Paradox ), a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanical theory was incomplete.

It is a matter of opinion whether this demonstrates a lack of attention to craftsmanship or a conscious effort to expand the boundaries of science fiction, either into a kind of magical realism, continuing the process of literary exploration that he had begun with Stranger in a Strange Land, or into a kind of literary metaphor of quantum science ( The Number of the Beast dealing with the Observer problem, and The Cat Who Walks Through Walls being a direct reference to the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment ).

The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics.