The accuracy of measuring the total electrical energy entering an exploding wire during a few microseconds was verified when two independent types of comparison with the heat energy produced had an uncertainty of less than 2 percent.

In free-burning electric arcs, for instance, approximately 90% of the total arc power is transferred to the anode giving rise to local heat fluxes in excess of Af as measured by the authors -- the exact value depending on the arc atmosphere.

The total heat loss through the anode holder included also the heat conducted through the base of the cylindrical piece into the adjacent metal parts.

The total ( harmful ) air emissions produced by wood kilns, including their heat source, can be significant.

The latter figure means that a nuclear fission explosion or criticality accident emits about 3. 5 % of its energy as gamma rays, less than 2. 5 % of its energy as fast neutrons ( total ~ 6 %), and the rest as kinetic energy of fission fragments ( this appears almost immediately when the fragments impact surrounding matter, as simple heat ).

This energy ( in the form of radiation and heat ) carries the missing mass, when it leaves the reaction system ( total mass, like total energy, is always conserved ).

Solar hot water makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many countries, most notably in China, which now has 70 % of the global total ( 180 GWth ).

In addition to the effect of the ocean tides, there is also a tidal acceleration due to flexing of the earth's crust, but this accounts for only about 4 % of the total effect when expressed in terms of heat dissipation.

* Work ( thermodynamics ), the quantity of total energy transferred from one system to another, not counting energy transferred by heat

The Lower Heating Value of Hydrogen is total thermal energy released when hydrogen is combusted minus the latent heat of vaporisation of the water.

In 1780, for example, Laplace and Lavoisier stated: “ In general, one can change the first hypothesis into the second by changing the words ‘ free heat, combined heat, and heat released ’ into ‘ vis viva, loss of vis viva, and increase of vis viva .’” In this manner, the total mass of caloric in a body, called absolute heat, was regarded as a mixture of two components ; the free or perceptible caloric could affect a thermometer, whereas the other component, the latent caloric, could not.

Even if the observable universe were filled with monkeys the size of atoms typing from now until the heat death of the universe, their total probability to produce a single instance of Hamlet would still be a great many orders of magnitude less than one in 10 < sup > 183, 800 </ sup >.

Reaction heats are measured and the total heat is obtained by integrating heatflow versus time.

A small factor contributes to the correction of the total heat of combustion is the fuse wire.

Large complex gas molecules may have high heat capacities per mole of gas molecules, but their heat capacities per mole of total gas atoms are very similar to those of liquids and solids, again differing by less than a factor of two per mole of atoms.

Volumetric heat capacities in polyatomic gases vary widely, however, since they are dependent largely on the number of atoms per molecule in the gas, which in turn determines the total number of atoms per volume in the gas.

These two factors ( constancy of atomic volume and constancy of mole-specific heat capacity ) result in a good correlation between the volume of any given solid chemical element and its total heat capacity.

It is assumed that the flux values increase by a factor of 2.512 per magnitude, in accordance with the opinion that the total mass flux in each unit range in magnitude is constant.

If a source emits a known luminous intensity I < sub > v </ sub > ( in candelas ) in a well-defined cone, the total luminous flux Φ < sub > v </ sub > in lumens is given by

Equivalent technical statements are that the sum total magnetic flux through any Gaussian surface is zero, or that the magnetic field is a solenoidal vector field.

The light from these distant stars and quasars will be redshifted accordingly ( by the Doppler effect and thermalisation ), so that the total light flux from the sky remains finite.

In this context radiosity is the total radiative flux ( both reflected and re-radiated ) leaving a surface, also sometimes known as radiant exitance.

The total flux of all neutrino flavours measured by SNO agrees well with the theoretical prediction.

The total number of flux line s depends on the strength of the source and is constant with increasing distance.

With q as the electronic charge, is the wavelength of interest, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, k is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature of the detector, is the zero-bias dynamic resistance area product ( often measured experimentally, but also expressible in noise level assumptions ), is the quantum efficiency of the device, and is the total flux of the source ( often a blackbody ) in photons / sec / cm².

For vector flux, the surface integral of j over a surface S, followed by an integral over the time duration t < sub > 1 </ sub > to t < sub > 2 </ sub >, gives the total amount of the property flowing through the surface in that time ( t < sub > 2 </ sub > − t < sub > 1 </ sub >):

The total flux for any surface surrounding a charge q is q / ε < sub > 0 </ sub >.

In astronomy, the radiation from stars and planets is sometimes characterized in terms of an effective temperature, the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total flux of electromagnetic energy.

The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or, alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces.

* 1879 – Jožef Stefan observes that the total radiant flux from a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature and states the Stefan – Boltzmann law.

A generic surface, S, can then be broken into infinitesimal elements and the total magnetic flux through the surface is then the surface integral

Gauss's law for magnetism, which is one of the four Maxwell's equations, states that the total magnetic flux through a closed surface is equal to zero.

where Φ < sub > E </ sub > is the electric flux through a closed surface S enclosing any volume V, Q is the total charge enclosed within S, and ε < sub > 0 </ sub > is the electric constant.

This is much more difficult, since if you know the total flux through a given surface, that gives almost no information about the electric field, which ( for all you know ) could go in and out of the surface in arbitrarily complicated patterns.

Then, if the total flux is known, the field itself can be deduced at every point.

A small quantity of useful scientific information was returned, showing the radiation surrounding Earth was in the form of bands and measuring the extent of the bands, mapping the total ionizing flux, making the first observations of hydromagnetic oscillations of the magnetic field, and taking the first measurements of the density of micrometeorites and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field.

The scientific instruments consisted of an ion chamber and Geiger-Müller tube to measure total radiation flux, a proportional radiation counter telescope to measure high energy radiation, a scintillation counter to monitor low-energy radiation, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the television facsimile system and flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on the instrument platform.

The scientific instruments consisted of an ion chamber and Geiger-Müller tube to measure total radiation flux, a proportional radiation counter telescope to measure high energy radiation, a scintillation counter to monitor low-energy radiation, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on the instrument platform.

The scientific instruments consisted of an ion chamber and Geiger-Müller tube to measure total radiation flux, a proportional radiation counter telescope to measure high energy radiation, a scintillation counter to monitor low-energy radiation, a scintillation spectrometer to study the Earth's ( and possible lunar ) radiation belts, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on the instrument platform.

In the absence of any external magnetic field, the flux in one core half cancels that in the other, and so the total flux seen by the sense coil is zero.

The world-wide total of deaths from `` Spanish flu '' was around twenty million ; ;

Pauling's estimate of 200 megatons yield from the present series of Russian tests will probably turn out to be too high, but a total of 100 megatons is a distinct possibility.

Dr. A. V. Astin, NBS Director, opened the 5-day session with introductory remarks, following which a total of twenty-six papers were given throughout the week by NBS scientists, from both the Washington and Boulder Laboratories.

Any fee so determined shall be entered as a part of such award, and payment thereof shall be made by the Secretary of the Treasury by deducting the amount thereof from the total amount paid pursuant to the award.

after completing the payments prescribed by paragraphs ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of this subsection, to make payments, from time to time in ratable proportions, on account of the unpaid principal of all awards in the principal amount of more than $1,000, according to the proportions which the unpaid principal of such awards bear to the total amount in the fund available for distribution at the time such payments are made ; ;

In total, these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures, such as reduced numbers of units and installations, smaller inventories of major equipment, and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the Armed Forces.

At that time consideration will be given to whether in the light of the United States supplies of rice available for Title 1, disposal, India's production, consumption and stocks of food grains, other imports from the United States and countries friendly to the United States, India's storage capacity, and other related factors, any increase would be possible in the portion of the total rice programmed which is currently planned for procurement during the first year.

In the event the total of rupees accruing to the Government of the United States of America as a consequence of sales made pursuant to this Agreement is different from the rupee equivalent of $1,276 million, the amounts available for the purposes specified in paragraph 1, Article 2, will be adjusted proportionately.

The total value of our industry's shipments, at factory prices, increased from $9.2 billion in 1959 to approximately $10.1 billion as a result of increases in all of the major segments of our business -- home entertainment, military, industrial, and replacement.

In contrast to the lower turnout of TV, total radio production increased from 15.4 million sets to 16.7 million ( excluding export ).

In the lower center rack an 8-channel recorder indicates the percentage of carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the upper and lower lobes of one lung, the total volume of inhalation per breath, the flow of air from both lobes, and the pressure of the two lobes with respect to each other.

Have you evaluated the proper place of advertising and all phases of promotion in your total marketing program -- from the standpoint of effort, money, and effectiveness??

`` So from raw materials to finished erection the costs of materials handling ( most of it inefficient ) add up to one-fourth of the total construction cost of housing ''.

However, Af adsorbs water from the atmosphere and this may account for the low chromium analysis and high total weight loss.

A measure of the total mass accretion of meteoritic material by the Earth is obtained from analyses of deep-sea sediments and dust collected in remote regions ( Pettersson, 1960 ).

Nevertheless, because the Cost Section has felt impelled to make some kind of a distribution of total costs, it has apportioned this residue, which it sometimes calls `` burden '', among the units of carload traffic on a basis ( partly ton, partly ton-mile ) which is concededly quite arbitrary from the standpoint of cost determination.

He had two productive periods, one in the late 1860's, the other in the decade from 1910 to 1920 ( half of the dated poems are from the latter period, and these alone total about one-tenth of all Hardy's poems ).

The total is the probably gross income from farming.

Their entry will crack the total segregation of all public education, from kindergarten through graduate school, in Georgia -- and in Alabama, Mississippi and South Carolina as well.

Scientists assume that cholesterol ( from the Greek chole, meaning bile, and sterios, meaning solid ) is somehow necessary for the formation of brain cells, since it accounts for about 2% of the brain's total solid weight.

to estimate a variance from a residual ( rather than a total ) sum of