DNA vaccines are third generation vaccines, and are made up of a small, circular piece of bacterial DNA ( called a plasmid ) that has been genetically engineered to produce one or two specific proteins ( antigens ) from a pathogen.

It is important in this sense because it is one of two tree species ( tanoak is the other ) on which the pathogen readily produces spores.

The likelihood of the pathogen developing resistance is greatly decreased by the fact that any resistant isolates to one fungicide will hopefully be killed by the other – in other words two mutations would be required rather than just one.

It is currently not clear whether this pathogen can reproduce sexually in nature and genetic work has suggested that the lineages of the two mating types might be isolated reproductively or geographically given the evolutionary divergence observed.

During the following two years he studied and obtained experimental evidence about the pathogen for gonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

This pathogen spreads in two basic ways: it spreads short distances by water splash, and by planting equipment, and long distances by infected transplants and seeds.

For example, the anthrax pathogen Bacillus anthracis releases two siderophores, bacillibactin and petrobactin, to scavenge ferric iron from iron proteins.

P. meibomiae is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems.

If two species are similar and live side by side, then the survival of one species becomes less important for the pathogen.

Confusion on which of these two names to use for the rice blast pathogen remains, as both are now used by different authors.

However, it can be concluded though that when the fungal pathogen is combined with an insecticide, the synergistic effect of the two will induce a higher mortality rate of the whitefly.

If we examine the three types of change from the point of view of their internal structure we find an additional profound difference between the third and the first two, one that accounts for the notable difference between the responses they evoke.

The first two types of change occur within the inward and immanent structure of the society.

SBA business loans are of two types: `` participation '' and `` direct ''.

Mileage allowances for state employees are of two types: ( A ) actual mileage and ( B ) fixed monthly allowances.

The mapping of important physical features such as slopes and types of soil and the collection of all available information pertaining to public utility service areas are being conducted as staff projects and, like the other two inventory projects, are scheduled for completion July 1, 1961.

The accuracy of measuring the total electrical energy entering an exploding wire during a few microseconds was verified when two independent types of comparison with the heat energy produced had an uncertainty of less than 2 percent.

Often, the finished sign or display incorporates several types of plastics and two or more fabricating techniques.

Although there were only four fluids tested, it was apparent that there were two distinct types.

He concluded that in the southern species, which are rapidly growing types, females mate at the age of two and a half and bear the first young when they are three.

Antithyroid drugs are of two general types.

There are two types of such intersections, depending essentially on whether the curves cross at the point of intersection.

In addition, two other differences in the two types of sections must be noted.

The advantages and disadvantages of these two types of charting, bar charting and point and figure charting, remain the subject of fairly good-natured litigation among their respective professional advocates, with both methods enjoying in common, one irrevocable merit.

Blowing can be either one of two types -- carbon dioxide gas generated by the reaction of water on the polyisocyanate or mechanical blowing through the use of a low-boiling liquid such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon.

Table 1,, p. 394, shows a comparison of K factor ratings of a number of commercial insulating materials in common use, including two different types of rigid urethane foam.

We have evaluated the `` matching integrals '' for two types of photocathodes ( S-11 and S-20 ) and three types of light input.

Although there are seven other types of annual awards presented by the Academy ( the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Gordon E. Sawyer Award, the Scientific and Engineering Award, the Technical Achievement Award, the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation, and the Student Academy Award ) plus two awards that are not presented annually ( the Special Achievement Award in the form of an Oscar statuette and the Honorary Award that may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette ), the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.

A mixed-effects model contains experimental factors of both fixed and random-effects types, with appropriately different interpretations and analysis for the two types.

Many jurisdictions recognize two types of appeals, particularly in the criminal context.

The United States legal system generally recognizes two types of appeals: a trial " de novo " or an appeal on the record.

In the narrower sense, some scholars distinguish " true " alphabets from two other types of segmental script, abjads and abugidas.

There are two types of quarks in atoms, each having a fractional electric charge.

I suppose I am missing some elementary point but I honestly cannot see how two wrongs can make a right!!

We note that two such curves C and Af, cannot coincide at more than a finite number of points ; ;

This second conclusion, independently arrived at by independent study of material from two pairs of language families as different and remote from one another as these four are, cannot be ignored.

The public interest is so dominant in such an issue that I cannot be so presumptuous as to attempt to settle it by an administrative order based upon conclusions reached in a summary action in one or two Superior Courts in the State.

If the patient can perceive figure kinesthetically when he cannot perceive it visually, then, it would seem, the sense of touch has immediate contact with the spatial aspects of things in independence of visual representations, at least in regard to two dimensions, and, as we shall see, even this much spatial awareness on the part of unaided touch is denied by the authors.

They are two sides of the same coin and the South will not change -- cannot change -- until the North changes.

These two aspects of death cannot be successfully separated, but they dare not be confused or identified.

The repeated efforts in Christian history to describe death as altogether the consequence of human sin show that these two aspects of death cannot be separated.

It is important to know that a consensual fight between two adults is not an assault, but that an individual cannot consent to an Assault with Weapon, Assault Causing Bodily Harm, Aggravated Assault, or any Sexual Assault.

Leonhart Rauwolff, in AD 1574, found it " divided ... into two towns ," the one " Turkish ," " so surrounded by the river, that you cannot go into it but by boats ," the other, much larger, on the Arabian side of the river.

A runner who reaches on catcher's interference and subsequently scores with two outs scores an unearned run, but baserunners who subsequently score after the runner who has reached on catcher's interference exclusively on clean plays score earned runs ; the baserunner cannot be assumed to have been put out except for the error.

If the Crawford rule is in effect, then another option is the Holland rule, which stipulates that after the Crawford game, a player cannot double until after at least two rolls have been played by each side.

Jean Froissart states as follows: " Now will I name some of the principal lords and knights ( men-at-arms ) that were there with the prince: the earl of Warwick, the earl of Suffolk, the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Oxford, the lord Raynold Cobham, the lord Spencer, the lord James Audley, the lord Peter his brother, the lord Berkeley, the lord Basset, the lord Warin, the lord Delaware, the lord Manne, the lord Willoughby, the lord Bartholomew de Burghersh, the lord of Felton, the lord Richard of Pembroke, the lord Stephen of Cosington, the lord Bradetane and other Englishmen ; and of Gascon there was the lord of Pommiers, the lord of Languiran, the captal of Buch, the lord John of Caumont, the lord de Lesparre, the lord of Rauzan, the lord of Condon, the lord of Montferrand, the lord of Landiras, the lord Soudic of Latrau and other ( men-at-arms ) that I cannot name ; and of Hainowes the lord Eustace d ' Aubrecicourt, the lord John of Ghistelles, and two other strangers, the lord Daniel Pasele and the lord Denis of Amposta, a fortress in Catalonia ".

The two main types of dualism are substance dualism ( which holds that the mind is formed of a distinct type of substance not governed by the laws of physics ) and property dualism ( which holds that the laws of physics are universally valid but cannot be used to explain the mind ).

In 1916, chemist Gilbert N. Lewis developed the concept of the electron-pair bond, in which two atoms may share one to six electrons, thus forming the single electron bond, a single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond ; in Lewis's own words, " An electron may form a part of the shell of two different atoms and cannot be said to belong to either one exclusively.

Once paired, the two electrons cannot take part in additional bonds.

However, an understanding of the way words in the two languages evolve from Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ) roots shows that they cannot be cognate ( see for example Grimm's law ).

Yet, one cannot always trust Caesar and Tacitus when they ascribe individuals and tribes to one or the other category, although Caesar made clear distinctions between the two cultures.

Hume's argument is that we cannot rationally justify the claim that nature will continue to be uniform, as justification comes in only two varieties, and both of these are inadequate.

Diatomic molecules cannot have any geometry but linear, as any two points always lie in a line.

At the moment of take-off, two critical aspects of the dive are determined, and cannot subsequently be altered during the execution.

As the point sources move closer together, the patterns will start to overlap, and ultimately they will merge to form a single pattern, in which case the two point sources cannot be resolved in the image.

Each deconstruction is necessarily different ( otherwise it achieves no work ) and this is why Derrida states that “ Deconstruction takes place, it is an event .” On the other hand, deconstruction cannot be completely untranscendental because this would make it meaningless to, for example, speak of two different examples of deconstruction as both being examples of deconstruction.

Adenine pairs with thymine ( two hydrogen bonds ), and cytosine pairs with guanine ( three hydrogen bonds ) because a purine must pair with a pyrimidine: a pyrimidine cannot pair with another pyrimidine because the strands would be very close to each other ; in a purine pair, the strands would be too far apart and the structure would be unstable.