" There are two major forms of structural-change theory ; W. Lewis ' two-sector surplus model, which views agrarian societies as consisting of large amounts of surplus labor which can be utilized to spur the development of an urbanized industrial sector, and Hollis Chenery's patterns of development approach, which holds that different countries become wealthy via different trajectories.

Through this model, Fields shows the typical theoretical argument to be ambiguous and says " the predictions derived from the textbook model definitely do not carry over to the two-sector case.

In the second five-year plan he emphasised industrialization on the basis of a two-sector model.

A two-sector OLG model was developed by Oded Galor.

GE Aerospace was awarded the development contract, expanding the existing east coast system with two additional sectors, while building another three-sector system on the west coast, a two-sector system in Alaska, and a one-sector system facing south.

William Darity developed a two-sector approach for low-income, farm-based economies.

In general, these modifications take three main forms: gender disaggregation, the addition of gender-based macroeconomic variables, and the creation of a two-sector system.

The two-sector system approach models the economy as two separate systems: one involving the standard macroeconomic variables, while the other includes gender-specific variables.

The E was Vauxhall's answer to the Ford Popular and was first offered as a promotional edition two-door coupe using surplus Firenza body shells, before becoming a permanent Viva model in two-door saloon form.

The surplus aircraft at Bush ran the gauntlet of practically every model operated by the Army and the Navy, from primary trainers and drones to B-24s and large transports.

Privateers put wartime surplus alloy barrels on their Tiger 100 racers, and won races, inspiring the Triumph GP model.

In the 1940s-1950s, the GN received surplus American infantry weapons of World War II / Korean War-vintage – M1 / M2 US. 30 carbines ( 7. 62 x 33mm ) and M1 ‘ Garand ’ US. 30-06 ( 7. 62 x 63mm ) semi-automatic rifles replaced the earlier bolt-action ‘ Springfields ’, with Thompson M1A1 and M3 Grease Gun sub-machinegun models in US. 45 caliber ( 11. 4mm ) the older Thompson M1928A1 model.

Pagrotsky is asked to apologize for " ushering in the socialism that tears at the souls of countrymen ", which Pagrotsky refuses to, defending the Swedish model by arguing that while Sweden has a big surplus in trade, the United States suffers from a deficit and has to borrow money from Sweden.

His business model is based on ownership of over, largest in the country, and the continuing surplus of grapes.

* The Cambridge economist Piero Sraffa returned to the classical economic meaning of " surplus ", but his concept differs from Marx's in at least three important ways: ( 1 ) The substance of Sraffa's surplus is not a claim on the surplus labour of others but a physical surplus, i. e. the value of physical output less the value of physical inputs used up to produce it, in abstraction from price changes ( roughly, like a " standard valuation " in national accounts ); ( 2 ) The magnitude of the surplus in Sraffa's model is exclusively technologically determined by the physical replacement requirements of the economy – and not by power or class relationships – so that the more efficient the economy becomes, the more surplus is created ; ( 3 ) The form of Sraffa's surplus includes both the gross profit component and the value of goods and services consumed by workers, so that the distribution of the physical surplus between capitalists and workers occurs after a fixed quantity of surplus has already been produced.

The general business model seems to be that businesses use the P2P infrastructure, and create a surplus value through services, which can be packaged for exchange value.

In contrast, under fixed exchange rates e is exogenous and the balance of payments surplus is determined by the model.

Under the new funding model, surplus space identified per MOET formula in educational facilities within the board's jurisdiction will not be funded by the Provincial government, nor will funding be available for new school construction until surplus space is eliminated.

Frederick Pohl's `` The Midas Touch '' ( 1954 ) predicts an economy of abundance which, in order to remain prosperous, must set its robots to consuming surplus production ; ;

For the first time in history, the U.S. has produced a society in which less than one-tenth of the people turn out so much food that the Government's most embarrassing problem is how to dispose inconspicuously of 100 million tons of surplus farm produce.

As a result, Sumer and Akkad had a surplus of agricultural products, but was short of almost everything else, particularly metal ores, timber and building stone, all of which had to be imported.

But a conclusion many drew from his theory was that profit was a surplus appropriated by capitalists to which they were not entitled.

“ Colonial Africa fell within that part of the international capitalist economy from which surplus was drawn to feed the metropolitan sector.

The overall trade balance for August 2012 was a surplus of almost 390 million dollars for the first six months of 2012, a huge figure compared with that of 2007, which reached only $ 5. 7 million ; the surplus had risen by about 425 million compared to 2006.

He practiced rigid economy, never started a war, and at his death there was a large surplus in the royal treasury ( which was kept in the cellar of the royal palace ).

The introduction of sugar beets, turnips, and potatoes yielded a higher level of food production, which enabled a surplus rural population to move to industrial areas.

Those who reload with the primary goal of maximizing accuracy or terminal performance may end up paying more per reloaded round than for commercial ammunition — this is especially true for military calibers which are commonly available as surplus.

A good example of where this is useful is for shooters of older military surplus firearms, which often exhibit widely varying bore and groove diameters ; by making bullets specifically intended for the firearm in question, accuracy of the resulting cartridges can be significantly increased.

Although keen on becoming a pilot, there was already a surplus of trained aircrew and the Air Force instead put his mechanical skills to use as a flight mechanic, of which there was a wartime shortage.

Here Marx elaborated his labour theory of value ( influenced by Thomas Hodgskin ) and his conception of surplus value and exploitation, which he argued would ultimately lead to a falling rate of profit and the collapse of industrial capitalism.

Since the government doesn't hire surplus labor, the labor surplus takes the form of unemployment, which tends to be higher with minimum wage laws than without them.

The budget also returned to surplus after 2002 because of the surge in visitors from China and a hike in taxes on gambling profits, which generated about 70 % of government revenue.

The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested ( EROEI ) is to be obtained.

Rather than standards of national wealth which are rationalized in terms of first-world development, industrialization, capital and assets appreciation, trade surplus or deficit ; the measure of a country's wealth in Mohism is a matter of sufficient provision and a large population.

By paying the collectivized peasants low state-controlled prices for their product, and using the surplus thus extracted to pay for industrial development, the state carried out a series of three-year plans, which brought industry's share of the economy from 47 % in 1946 to 70 % in 1959, despite the devastation of the Korean War.

As such, the system provides some built-in incentives and some degree of micro-level autonomy, unlike the budget allocation system, under which any surplus is turned over to the government in its entirety.

The lowland Terai region produces an agricultural surplus, part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas.

Written on the back of the card, which was from a Wisconsin military surplus store, were the words " TNT at $ 5 a stick.

This resulted in a surplus of males and a shortage of females, which led to the adoption of polyandry.

South Korea has been running a trade surplus with China, which hit a record US $ 32. 5 billion in 2009.

It also provided the basis for the centralized state form by producing a large surplus of food, which created a more complex division of labor by enabling people to specialize in tasks other than food production.