The task force concluded that IQ scores do have high predictive validity for individual differences in school achievement.

They confirm the predictive validity of IQ for adult occupational status, even when variables such as education and family background have been statistically controlled.

The Mismeasure of Man is an analysis of statistical correlation, the mathematics applied by psychologists to establish the validity of IQ tests, and the heritability of intelligence.

For example, to establish the validity of the proposition that IQ is supported by a general intelligence factor ( g factor ), the answers to several tests of cognitive ability must positively correlate ; thus, for the g factor to be a heritable trait, the IQ-test scores of close-relation respondents must correlate more than the IQ-test scores of distant-relation respondents.

Moreover, because the data from IQ tests can be applied to arguing the logical validity of either proposition — genetic inheritance and environmental inheritance — the psychometric data have no inherent value.

Criticisms have centered on whether the construct is a real intelligence and whether it has incremental validity over IQ and the Big Five personality dimensions.

Depending on the underlying logic, the problem of deciding the validity of a formula varies from trivial to impossible.

A number of different ticket types can be held on an Oyster card, and validity varies across the different transport modes within London.

The validity of season tickets varies.

The bond issue will go to the state courts for a friendly test suit to test the validity of the act, and then the sales will begin and contracts let for repair work on some of Georgia's most heavily traveled highways.

The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale ( ICARS ) is one of the most widely used and has been proven to have very high reliability and validity.

Bahá ' í notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of most of the world's religions, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God.

There are ongoing issues concerning the validity and reliability of the diagnostic categories ; the reliance on superficial symptoms ; the use of artificial dividing lines between categories and from ' normality '; possible cultural bias ; medicalization of human distress and financial conflicts of interest, including with the practice of psychiatrists and with the pharmaceutical industry ; political controversies about the inclusion or exclusion of diagnoses from the manual, in general or in regard to specific issues ; and the experience of those who are most directly affected by the manual by being diagnosed, including the consumer / survivor movement.

The most fundamental scientific criticism of the DSM concerns the validity and reliability of its diagnoses.

The main source for the life of Heraclitus is Diogenes Laërtius, although some have questioned the validity of his account as " a tissue of Hellenistic anecdotes, most of them obviously fabricated on the basis of statements in the preserved fragments.

While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some within the Orthodox community groups to its right consider it of questionable validity.

In 1926 the chemist Gilbert N. Lewis coined the name photon for these particles, and after 1927, when Arthur H. Compton won the Nobel Prize for his scattering studies, most scientists accepted the validity that quanta of light have an independent existence, and Lewis ' term photon for light quanta was accepted.

Ellen Willis hypothesized in 1984 that this was, at least in part, because " most black and working-class women could not accept the abstraction of feminist issues from race and class issues "; the resulting narrow demographic base, in turn, limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists ' personal experiences of gender relations.

Einstein discerned two fundamental propositions that seemed to be the most assured, regardless of the exact validity of the ( then ) known laws of either mechanics or electrodynamics.

Some shadow of doubt hovers over the validity of the orders received from these bishops, and the claimants have not received wide acceptance in the sedevacantist community, though most have at least some small congregation.

However, most modern cosmologists subsequently accepted the validity of the hypothetico-deductive method of Milne.

Although supporters point to the anecdotal evidence of thousands of positive testimonials as a reason to use it for personality evaluation, most empirical studies fail to show the validity claimed by its supporters.

There is some validity in taking this approach: phonologically, the postpositional particles merge with the structural word that precedes them, and within a phonological phrase, the pitch can have at most one fall.

However, unlike most other schema languages, XSD was also designed with the intent that determination of a document's validity would produce a collection of information adhering to specific data types.

The most popular theory is that the changes were a result of litigation against a Graphoanalyst, regarding the validity of handwriting analysis.

The following subspecies are commonly listed, though the validity of most of them is seriously disputed:

While most medical professionals agree that delays in definitive care are undesirable, recent peer reviewed literature casts doubt on the validity of the ' golden hour ' as it appears to lack a scientific basis.

As such, a probabilistic grammar's validity is constrained by context of the text used to train it ; the definition of " most likely " is likely to vary with the context of discourse.

The author questions the validity of most PVS diagnoses, and the validity of the basic nosology.

Most people, including most educated people with an interest in the arts, were persuaded of the validity of McAuley and Stewart's " experiment.

When she heard that her aunt Sylvia had willed most of her $ 2 million to charity, she challenged the will's validity in court by producing an earlier will which allegedly left the entire estate to Hetty, and included a clause invalidating any subsequent wills.

The use of multiple strategies to enhance construct validity ( a form of methodological triangulation ) is now routinely advocated by most methodologists.

However, no other naturalists record the Painted Vulture in Florida and sixty years after the sighting its validity began to be questioned, leading to what John Cassin described as the most inviting problem in North American ornithology.

Soon after the publication of the actor-observer hypothesis, numerous research studies tested its validity, most notably the first such test by Nisbett, Caputo, Legant, and Marecek ( 1973 ).

The organized system of law and government now in force in Australia is historically dependent for its legal validity on a series of British statutes, notably including the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900.

Nevin characterized his critics as pseudo-Protestants, urged ( with Dr. Charles Hodge, and against the Presbyterian General Assembly ) the validity of Roman Catholic baptism, and defended the doctrine of the " spiritual real presence " of Christ in the Lord's Supper, notably in The Mystical Presence: a Vindication of the Reformed or Calvinistic Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist ( 1846 ); to this the reply from the point of view of rationalistic puritanism was made by Charles Hodge in the Princeton Review of 1848.

The capacity for making the distinctions of which diplomacy is compact, and the facility with language which can render them into validity in the eyes of other men are the leader's means for transforming the moral intuition into moral leadership.

While traditional teaching maintains that any bishop with apostolic succession can validly perform the ordination of another bishop, some churches require two or three bishops participate, either to ensure sacramental validity or to conform with church law.

Whilst it does recognise the validity of the orders of certain groups which separated from communion with Holy See.

In 1995, Simon Keynes observed that " if Bede's concept of the Southumbrian overlord, and the chronicler's concept of the ' Bretwalda ', are to be regarded as artificial constructs, which have no validity outside the context of the literary works in which they appear, we are released from the assumptions about political development which they seem to involve ... we might ask whether kings in the eighth and ninth centuries were quite so obsessed with the establishment of a pan-Southumbrian state ".

This view entails the problem that it makes any moral criticism of the law impossible: if conformity with natural law forms a necessary condition for legal validity, all valid law must, by definition, count as morally just.

As of November 2007, the legal validity of contracts of adhesion with class action waivers is unclear, and courts have rendered mixed and sometimes contradictory opinions.

Berthollet was engaged in a long-term battle with another French chemist Joseph Proust on the validity of the law of definite proportions.

It is accepted, however, that there is an " enormous " range of reliability findings in studies, and that validity is unclear because, given the lack of diagnostic laboratory or neuroimaging tests, standard clinical interviews are " inherently limited " and only a (" flawed ") " best estimate diagnosis " is possible even with full assessment of all data over time.

While a foundationalist would use Münchhausen Trilemma as a justification for demanding the validity of basic beliefs, a skeptic would see no problem with admitting the result.

Provided the theory is linear with respect to the wavefunction, the exact form of the quantum dynamics modelled, be it the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation, relativistic quantum field theory or some form of quantum gravity or string theory, does not alter the validity of MWI since MWI is a metatheory applicable to all linear quantum theories, and there is no experimental evidence for any non-linearity of the wavefunction in physics.

It made the same statement with regard also to later ordinations by those bishops, saying that, " as for those who have already thus unlawfully received ordination or any who may yet accept ordination from these, whatever may be the validity of the orders ( quidquid sit de ordinum validitate ), the Church does not and will not recognise their ordination ( ipsorum ordinationem ), and will consider them, for all legal effects, as still in the state in which they were before, except that the ... penalties remain until they repent " ( Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Decree Episcopi qui alios of 17 September 1976-Acta Apostolicae Sedis 1976, page 623 ).

The Roman Catholic Church does not consider the validity of an ecumenical council's teaching to be in any way dependent on where it is held or on the granting or withholding of prior authorization or legal status by any state, in line with the attitude of the 5th-century bishops who " saw the definition of the church's faith and canons as supremely their affair, with or without the leave of the Emperor " and who " needed no one to remind them that Synodical process pre-dated the Christianisation of the royal court by several centuries ".

The conflict developed because Jewish Christians and Jews argued with one another over the validity of Jesus as the Messiah, see also Rejection of Jesus.

Evidence quality can be assessed based on the source type ( from meta-analyses and systematic reviews of triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials with concealment of allocation and no attrition at the top end, down to conventional wisdom at the bottom ), as well as other factors including statistical validity, clinical relevance, currency, and peer-review acceptance.

He worried about the absence of older fossils because of the implications on the validity of his theories, but he expressed hope that such fossils would be found, noting that: " only a small portion of the world is known with accuracy.

There is a wide spectrum of opinion with respect to the epistemological validity of faith.

These regional geodetic datums, such as ED50 ( European Datum 1950 ) or NAD83 ( North American Datum 1983 ) have ellipsoids associated with them that are regional ' best fits ' to the geoids within their areas of validity, minimising the deflections of the vertical over these areas.

Moreover, in order to assist therapists in the classification of pusher syndrome, specific scales have been developed with validity that coincides with the criteria set out by Davies ’ definition of “ pusher syndrome ”.

As with all improv offers, improvisers are encouraged to respect the validity and continuity of the imaginary environment defined by themselves and their fellow performers ; this means, for example, taking care not to walk through the table or " miraculously " survive multiple bullet wounds from another improviser's gun.

Although not unchallenged, validity generalization has broad acceptance with regard to many selection instruments ( e. g. cognitive ability tests, job knowledge tests, work samples, and structured interviews ) across a broad range of jobs.