In Brouwer's original intuitionism, the truth of a mathematical statement is a subjective claim: a mathematical statement corresponds to a mental construction, and a mathematician can assert the truth of a statement only by verifying the validity of that construction by intuition.

Raymond E. Brown suggests that to make this claim and maintain consistency with scriptures, Mary's separate existence in the two common scenes with the Beloved Disciple were modifications hastily added later to give validity to the gospel in the late 2nd century.

# After a litigation has been finally determined against the person, repeatedly relitigates or attempts to relitigate, in propria persona, either ( i ) the validity of the determination against the same defendant or defendants as to whom the litigation was finally determined or ( ii ) the cause of action, claim, controversy, or any of the issues of fact or law, determined or concluded by the final determination against the same defendant or defendants as to whom the litigation was finally determined.

Elizabeth and Buckingham now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Beaufort and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity.

Newton himself began his work in mathematics because he wanted to see " whether judicial astrology had any claim to validity.

It serves as a supporting theory to the Protagorean interpretation of Theaetetus's claim, in order that they might fully inquire as to the validity of this premise.

Regardless of the validity of this claim, the region was home to several Ojibwa tribes at the start of the 19th century, with a particularly significant community established near present-day Montrose.

* William Waynflete ( though the validity of this claim is doubtful – see his page for further discussion )

Other critics of Trevor-Roper ’ s claim have questioned the validity of systematic interpretations of the African past, whether by materialist, Annalist, or, like Trevor-Roper, conservative methods.

" A spokesman for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) stated that he " can in no way vouch for the validity " of Brady Campaign's claim that the ban was responsible for violent crime's decline.

The British Government rejected this claim, asserting the validity of the 1899 award.

Palm later appealed the original court ruling both on the claim it violated Xerox's patent and as to the validity of the patent in the first place.

Much of the dissent concerned a disbelief in the validity of the law school's claim that the system was necessary to create a " critical mass " of minority students and provide a diverse educational environment.

ODAR also adjudicates disputes relating to retirement claims and has jurisdiction when the paternity of a claimant or the validity of a marriage is at issue when a claim is filed for benefits under the earnings record of a spouse or parent.

An idea can be accepted and spread throughout a community regardless of the validity of the claim.

In 2002, ASCII text of and 48 sounds of music was published on http :// 1911encyclopedia. org / by source ; a copyright claim was added to the materials, but it probably has no legal validity.

Lefty was gradually removed from the American version of the show after concerns were raised by adult viewers who were concerned that he encouraged children to talk to strangers, although the validity of this claim is questioned.

Despite the central claim of legal positivism that legal validity depends on sources, legal positivism does not claim that the laws so identified should be followed or obeyed or that there is value in having clear, identifiable rules ( although some positivists may also make these claims ).

The actual validity of the claim that prices form a protected work of authorship is uncertain as the prices themselves ( though not the advertisements ) might be considered a fact in which case they would not receive the same level of protection as a copyrighted work.

The validity of the claim depends upon one's definition of a city ; although Hammerfest is further south than Honningsvåg it has a population over 5, 000, which is required by Norwegian law to achieve town status ( law from 1997 ).

On the death of George William the last duke in 1675, however, Austria refused to acknowledge the validity of the treaty and annexed the duchies and Frederick the Great of the Kingdom of Prussia used this treaty to justify his claim at the invasion of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740.

His later arrest adds some validity to his claim.

As we see it, he is in no position to claim that his good-faith belief about the validity of the Internal Revenue Code negates willfulness or provides a defense to criminal prosecution under 7201 and 7203.

According to one definition, fad diets claim to be scientific but do not follow the scientific method in establishing their validity.

The positivist view on law can be seen to cover two broad principles: Firstly, that laws may seek to enforce justice, morality, or any other normative end, but their success or failure in doing so does not determine their validity.

A meta-ethical theory, unlike a normative ethical theory, does not attempt to evaluate specific choices as being better, worse, good, bad, or evil ; although it may have profound implications as to the validity and meaning of normative ethical claims.

Conservative Judaism holds that Orthodox Judaism is a valid and legitimate form of normative rabbinic Judaism ; it respects the validity of its rabbis.

Nino began his academic activity in the early 1970s, concentrating on some traditional issues in jurisprudence, such as the concept of a legal system, the interpretation of the law, the debate between legal positivism and natural law, and the concept of validity After realizing the need to clarify the normative problems involved in some of those issues, he was led to embrace a model based on the explicit adoption of principles of justice and social morality, rejecting the predominant German-inspired " dogmatic " approach.

He is the exponent of a realistic pragmatism which, rejecting the deconstructive approach of some recent pragmatists, construes pragmatic efficacy as an evidential index for such normative features as truth and validity rather than being a substitute or replacement for them.

Specifically, this means individuals can recognize different standards for validity — i. e., that the validation of an empirical truth claim requires different methods and procedures than the validation of subjective truthfulness, and that both of those require different methods and procedures of validation than claims to normative rightness.

Presupposition ( 5 ) points out that the validity of an understanding reached in theoretical or practical discourse, concerning some factual knowledge or normative principle, is always expanded beyond the immediate context in which it is achieved.

This idealized presupposition directs discourses concerning truth and normative certainty beyond the contingencies of specific communicative situations and towards the idealized achievements of universal consensus and universal validity.

Noted Yale critic of secular and sacred literature Harold Bloom, who classes these the book of Moses and the Book of Abraham among the “ more surprising ” and “ neglected ” works of LDS scripture, is intrigued by the fact that many of their themes are “ strikingly akin to ancient suggestions ” that essentially restate “ the archaic or original Jewish religion, a Judaism that preceded even the Yahwist .” While expressing “ no judgment, one way or the other, upon the authenticity ” of LDS scripture, he finds “ enormous validity ” in the way these writings “ recapture … crucial elements in the archaic Jewish religion .… that had ceased to be available either to normative Judaism or to Christianity, and that survived only in esoteric traditions unlikely to have touched Smith directly.

Habermas's discourse ethics is his attempt to explain the implications of communicative rationality in the sphere of moral insight and normative validity.

Habermas maintains that normative validity cannot be understood as separate from the argumentative procedures used in everyday practice, such as those used to resolve issues concerning the legitimacy of actions and the validity of the norms governing interactions.

Concerning ( 5 ), Habermas's communicative rationality emphasizes the equal importance of the three validity dimensions, which means it sees the potential for rationality in normative rightness ( WE ), theoretical truth ( IT ) and expressive or subjective truthfulness ( I ).

The clearest way to see this is to recognize that the validity dimensions implicit in communication signify that a speaker is open to the charge of being irrational if they place normative validity claims outside of rational discourse.

From these premises it is concluded that any individual engaging in communication is accountable for the normative validity of the claims they raise.

Thus, the simple process of reaching an understanding with others impels individuals to be accountable for what they say and to be able to justify the validity claims they raise concerning normative ( WE ), evaluative ( I ) and objective matters ( IT ).

These types of considerations make up the resources available for the justification of normative validity claims.

These dimensions of validity can be summarized as claims to truth ( IT ), truthfulness ( I ), and rightness ( WE ).

These are tied directly to two of the three dimensions of validity discussed above: theoretical discourse being concerned with validity claims thematized regarding objective states of affairs ( IT ); practical discourse being concerned with validity claims thematized concerning the rightness of norms governing social interactions ( WE ).