Recent work tries to take into account the roles of differences in parent bodies and the specifics of their orbits, ejection velocities off the solid mass of the core of a comet, radiation pressure from the sun, the Poynting – Robertson effect, and the Yarkovsky effect on the particles of different sizes and rates of rotation to explain differences between meteor showers in terms of being predominantly fireballs or small meteors.

Hartmann's reasoning was that such ejected lunar meteors could account for the abnormally low velocities calculated for the green fireballs by LaPaz of about Earth's escape velocity, that is, much lower than normal meteor velocities.

A close encounter between two binary systems can also result in the gravitational disruption of both systems, with some of the stars being ejected at high velocities, leading to runaway stars.

The unknown velocities in the new frame of reference can then be determined and followed by a conversion back to the original frame of reference to reach the same result.

In the Lagrangian framework, of course the result that the corresponding momentum is conserved still follows immediately, but all the generalized velocities still occur in the Lagrangian-we still have to solve a system of equations in n coordinates.

There are two physical types of ellipticals ; the " boxy " giant ellipticals, whose shapes result from random motion which is greater in some directions than in others ( anisotropic random motion ), and the " disky " normal and low luminosity ellipticals, which have nearly isotropic random velocities but are flattened due to rotation.

On the other hand, the assertion of special relativity that Maxwell's equations are invariant for all frames of reference moving at constant velocities would predict no torque ( a null result ).

# Diffusion, an enhancing mechanism that is a result of the collision with gas molecules by the smallest particles, especially those below 0. 1 µm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter ; this behaviour is similar to Brownian motion and raises the probability that a particle will be stopped by either of the two mechanisms above ; it becomes dominant at lower air flow velocities.

The. 338 cartridge case was used for this since it has the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with smaller and hence lighter bullets result in very high muzzle velocities.

While the original. 22 Long loading used the same powder charge as the. 22 Long Rifle, the. 22 Long bullet was significantly lighter, and the combination did not result in higher velocities for the. 22 Long when fired from a rifle.

He worked with Sir Frederick Abel on improving the properties of black powder, making it burn more slowly to produce more gas and a more consistent pressure, with the result that he was able to increase muzzle velocities from 1600 to 2100 feet per second, while the energy developed increased by about 75 %.

# by an enhancing mechanism called diffusion, which is a result of the collision with gas molecules by the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter ; this effect is similar to Brownian motion and raises the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the two mechanisms above ; it becomes dominant at lower air flow velocities

Applying the result of the previous subsection to the displacement, the velocities in the two reference frames are related by the equation

It can be understood geometrically as a consequence of the fact that the space of velocities in relativity is hyperbolic, and so parallel transport of a vector ( the gyroscope's angular velocity ) around a circle ( its linear velocity ) leaves it pointing in a different direction, or understood algebraically as being a result of the non-associativity of the relativistic velocity-addition formula.

The interpretation of nerve conduction studies is complex, but, in general, different pathological processes result in changes in latencies, motor, and / or sensory amplitudes, or slowing of the conduction velocities to differing degrees.

Different velocities of the emitting particles result in different ( Doppler ) shifts, the cumulative effect of which is the line broadening.

The formal displacement of the geocentric principle far from being Copernicus' primary concern, was introduced only to resolve what seemed to him intolerable in orthodox astronomy, namely, the ' unphysical ' triplication of centric reference-points: one center from which the planet's distances were calculated, another around which planetary velocities were computed, and still a third center ( the earth ) from which the observations originated.

The heat transfer to the anode in free burning arcs is enhanced by a hot gas jet flowing from the cathode towards the anode with velocities up Af.

Many workers believe that the response is proportional to the incident momentum of the particles, a relation deduced from laboratory results linearly extrapolated to meteoritic velocities.

The majority of the fastest material is ejected from close to the center of impact, and the slowest material is ejected close to the rim at low velocities to form an overturned coherent flap of ejecta immediately outside the rim.

Small volumes of un-melted and relatively un-shocked material may be spalled at very high relative velocities from the surface of the target and from the rear of the impactor.

This occurs when two surfaces converge rapidly and obliquely at a small angle, and high-temperature highly shocked material is expelled from the convergence zone with velocities that may be several times larger than the impact velocity.

In military usage, a gun is a cannon with a high muzzle velocity and a flat trajectory, useful for hitting the sides of targets such as walls, as opposed to howitzers or mortars, which have lower muzzle velocities, and fire indirectly, lobbing shells up and over obstacles to hit the target from above.

Experimentally, however, the total kinetic energy is found to be much greater: in particular, assuming the gravitational mass is due to only the visible matter of the galaxy, stars far from the center of galaxies have much higher velocities than predicted by the virial theorem.

Most commercial mining explosives have detonation velocities ranging from 1800 m / s to 8000 m / s.

The important fact is that at very high velocities the behavior of the particle-like modes becomes distinct from the relativistic one-they can reach the speed of light limit at finite energy ; also the faster-than-light propagation is possible without requiring moving objects to have imaginary mass.

Half of the increase was from higher summer melting, with the rest caused by velocities of some glaciers exceeding those needed to balance upstream snow accumulation ( Krabill et al., L24402, GRL 2004 ).

In about 10 % of these objects, a diametrically opposed pair of energetic jets ejects particles from the core at velocities close to the speed of light.

The red dot overtakes two green dots when moving from the left to the right of the figure. New waves seem to emerge at the back of a wave group, grow in amplitude until they are at the center of the group, and vanish at the wave group front. For surface gravity waves, the water particle velocities are much smaller than the phase velocity, in most cases.

Newton sought to remove the use of infinitesimals from his fluxional calculus, preferring to talk of velocities as in " For by the ultimate velocity is meant ... the ultimate ratio of evanescent quantities ".

The latest models of the Russian BMP-3 use the Arena active protection system ( APS ) that protects the vehicle from missiles and rockets with velocities from 70 to 700 metres per second.

The evidence comes from the fact that the " turbulent " velocities inferred from CO linewidth scale in the same manner as the orbital velocity ( a virial relation ).

If a and b are distances from the fulcrum to points A and B and if force F < sub > A </ sub > applied to A is the input force and F < sub > B </ sub > exerted at B is the output, the ratio of the velocities of points A and B is given by a / b, so the ratio of the output force to the input force, or mechanical advantage, is given by

Nonetheless, this is enough energy to accelerate nova ejecta to velocities as high as several thousand kilometers per second — higher for fast novae than slow ones — with a concurrent rise in luminosity from a few times solar to 50, 000 – 100, 000 times solar.

Predicting subsequent positions and velocities from initial values corresponds to solving an initial value problem.

This may, therefore, explain decreased coordination at higher movement velocities and accelerations.

This implies that all the movement refers to velocities small compared to the speed of light c.

The record is currently held by the White Mulberry tree, with flower movement taking 25 μs, moving petals to velocities in excess of half the speed of sound — near the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants.

However, either fission or fusion technologies can in principle achieve velocities far higher than needed for Solar System exploration, and fusion energy still awaits practical demonstration on Earth.

They mostly live on big ships, crossing the interstellar space at sublight velocities ( according to A Gift From Earth, they find hyperspace vulgar ), trading in information and technology.

If the initial firing is above the surface of the Earth as shown, there will also be elliptical orbits at slower velocities ; these will come closest to the Earth at the point half an orbit beyond, and directly opposite, the firing point.

Jules Verne, in From the Earth to the Moon, published in 1865, wrote " there will some day appear velocities far greater than these the planets and the projectile, of which light or electricity will probably be the mechanical agent ... we shall one day travel to the moon, the planets, and the stars.

Due to the highly eccentric orbit, it has one of the highest velocities relative to the Earth of any object in the Solar System.

A double star may be determined to be optical if its components have sufficiently different proper motions or radial velocities, or if parallax measurements reveal its two components to be at sufficiently different distances from the Earth.

Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust.

For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition.

A variation on the traditional impact story was provided by Jack McDevitt's 1999 novel Moonfall, in which a very large comet traveling at interstellar velocities collides with and partially destroys the Moon, fragments of which then collide with the Earth.

Outside of the seismic shadow zone both types of wave can be detected but, due to their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times.

An observer who accelerates to relativistic velocities will see the pattern of constellations as seen near the Earth continuously transform according to infinitesimal Möbius transformations.

* A good example of RKV use in science fiction novels is in Charles R. Pellegrino and George Zebrowski's The Killing Star and Flying to Valhalla, wherein aliens exterminate all human life on Earth by kinetic weapons traveling at relativistic velocities called " R-bombs ".

In fact, as a consequence of its annual revolution, the Earth should be exposed to a higher flux of Dark Matter particles roughly around June 2nd ( when its rotational velocity is added to the one of the solar system with respect to the Galaxy ) and to a smaller one roughly around December 2nd ( when the two velocities are subtracted ).

Because the clouds and the quasar are all at different distances from Earth, and moving at different velocities due to the expansion of the universe, the quasar spectrum has a " forest " of absorption features at wavelengths shorter than its own Lyman alpha emission.