In this, some base signal ( e. g., a sinusoidal carrier wave ) has one of its properties modulated: amplitude modulation involves altering the amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage waveform by the source information, frequency modulation changes the frequency.

They must not be connected to a source of voltage ; they are designed for minimal burden, which refers to the voltage drop across the ammeter, which is typically a small fraction of a volt.

Since the ammeter shunt has a very low resistance, mistakenly wiring the ammeter in parallel with a voltage source will cause a short circuit, at best blowing a fuse, possibly damaging the instrument and wiring, and exposing an observer to injury.

A pulsed high voltage source ( typically 1-2 kV ) is generated and applied to the specimen, with pulse repetition rates in the hundreds of kilohertz range.

RF amplifiers are often specified in terms of the maximum power gain obtainable, while the voltage gain of audio amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers will be more often specified ( since the amplifier's input impedance will often be much higher than the source impedance, and the load impedance higher than the amplifier's output impedance ).

When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery, the source places an electric field across the conductor.

: These are actually a JFET with the gate shorted to the source, and function like a two-terminal current-limiter analog to the Zener diode, which is limiting voltage.

The source of Einstein's proposal that light was composed of particles ( or could act as particles in some circumstances ) was an experimental anomaly not explained by the wave theory was the photoelectric effect, by which light striking a metal surface ejected electrons from the surface, causing an electric current to flow across an applied voltage.

A simple electric circuit made up of a voltage source and a resistor.

An active network is a network that consists of at least one active source like a voltage source or current source

Dependent Sources depend upon a particular element of the circuit for delivering the power or voltage or current depending upon the type of source it is.

* Norton's theorem: Any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source in parallel with a single resistor.

* Thévenin's theorem: Any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.

In other words, although the voltage applied is thermodynamically sufficient to drive electrolysis, the rate is so slow that to make the process proceed in a reasonable time frame, the voltage of the external source has to be increased ( hence, overvoltage ).

The power gain of an amplifier depends on the source and load impedances used as well as its voltage gain ; while an RF amplifier may have its impedances optimized for power transfer, audio and instrumentation amplifiers are normally employed with amplifier input and output impedances optimized for least loading and highest quality.

Electrons flow from the source terminal towards the drain terminal if influenced by an applied voltage.

The body terminal and the source terminal are sometimes connected together since the source is also sometimes connected to the highest or lowest voltage within the circuit, however there are several uses of FETs which do not have such a configuration, such as transmission gates and cascode circuits.

In this atmosphere lies a pair of electrodes applying a DC voltage of 250 to 1000 V to break down the argon gas into positively charged ions and electrons.

As the ion will travel from the tip at voltage V < sub > 1 </ sub > to some nominal ground potential, the speed at which the ion is travelling can be estimated by the energy transferred into the ion during ( or near ) ionisation.

Thus for an ion which traverses a 1 m flight path, across a time of 2000 ns, given an initial accelerating voltage of 5000 V and noting that one amu is 1 × 10 < sup >− 27 </ sup > kg, the mass-to-charge ratio ( more correctly the mass-to-ionisation value ratio ) becomes Z amu / charge.

** Netherlands — voltage change 3 kV DC – 1500 V DC

** UK — voltage remains at 25 kV AC — voltage change 750 V DC third rail ( The Southern Region ).

A simple electric circuit, where current is represented by the letter i. The relationship between the voltage ( V ), resistance ( R ), and current ( I ) is V = IR ; this is known as Ohm's Law.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Their forward voltage drop at forward currents of about 1 mA is in the range 0. 15 V to 0. 45 V, which makes them useful in voltage clamping applications and prevention of transistor saturation.

Drain to Source voltage is V < sub > DS </ sub >.

These are commonly used for the 200-3000 V drain-to-source voltage range of operation.

A typical fuel cell produces a voltage from 0. 6 V to 0. 7 V at full rated load.

LB is relatively new and is ineffective in resolving fragments larger than 5 kbp ; However, with its low conductivity, a much higher voltage could be used ( up to 35 V / cm ), which means a shorter analysis time for routine electrophoresis.

For a simple metal where there is only one type of charge carrier ( electrons ) the Hall voltage V < sub > H </ sub > is given by

In the beginning, the capacitor C1 is fully charged ( in the previous State 2 ) to the power supply voltage V with the polarity shown in Figure 1.

As its right-hand negative plate is connected to Q2 base, a maximum negative voltage (- V ) is applied to Q2 base that keeps Q2 firmly off.

C1 begins discharging ( reverse charging ) via the high-resistive base resistor R2, so that the voltage of its right-hand plate ( and at the base of Q2 ) is rising from below ground (- V ) toward + V.

The purpose of the present study is to study the thermal conditions and to establish an energy balance for a transpiration cooled anode as well as the effect of blowing on the arc voltage.

Simultaneously with the anode surface temperature and voltage measurements pyrometer readings were taken along the cylindrical surface of the carbon anode holder as indicated on figure 2.

Furthermore, the chromatic aberrations depend on the chosen high voltage.

The terms anode and cathode should not be applied to a Zener diode, since it allows flow in either direction, depending on the polarity of the applied potential ( i. e. voltage ).

B is a high voltage power supply to energize the anode P. Shadow mask M is connected to the cathode potential and its image is seen on the phosphor as a non-glowing area.

Thus a small voltage on the grid can be made to control a much larger voltage on the anode.

Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs ( e. g., voltage applied to an electric motor ) have an effect on the process outputs ( e. g., speed or torque of the motor ), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller ; the result ( the control signal ) is " fed back " as input to the process, closing the loop.

On the other hand, in measurements of electromagnetic phenomena ( involving units of charge, electric and magnetic fields, voltage, and so on ), converting between CGS and SI is much more subtle and involved.

Passive cable theory describes how voltage changes at a particular location on a dendrite transmit this electrical signal through a system of converging dendrite segments of different diameters, lengths, and electrical properties.

Based on passive cable theory one can track how changes in a neuron ’ s dendritic morphology changes the membrane voltage at the soma, and thus how variation in dendrite architectures affects the overall output characteristics of the neuron.

A diode can be used as a temperature measuring device, since the forward voltage drop across the diode depends on temperature, as in a silicon bandgap temperature sensor.

Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels.

Usually the body terminal is connected to the highest or lowest voltage within the circuit, depending on type.

In an n-channel depletion-mode device, a negative gate-to-source voltage causes a depletion region to expand in width and encroach on the channel from the sides, narrowing the channel.

Also, the voltage present on the line to be sensed is not transmitted to the sensor, which enhances the safety of measuring equipment.

Also, as Hall voltage is often on the order of millivolts, the output from this type of sensor cannot be used to directly drive actuators but instead must be amplified by a transistor-based circuit.

Many automotive Hall effect sensors have a built-in internal NPN transistor with an open collector and grounded emitter, meaning that rather than a voltage being produced at the Hall sensor signal output wire, the transistor is turned on providing a circuit to ground through the signal output wire.

Using inputs such as input voltage, output voltage, output current, frequency, ambient temperature, and inductance these calculators can predict the losses of the inductors core and AC / DC based on the operating condition of the circuit being used.

Dirt, pollution, salt, and particularly water on the surface of a high voltage insulator can create a conductive path across it, causing leakage currents and flashovers.