One aspect of medieval sumptuary laws was to make the Jewish and other non-Christian populations identifiable by the wearing of special yellow badges or the conical Jewish hat, the latter having initially been a voluntary form of distinctive dress imported from the Islamic world.

The Riksdag, however, found the amalgamation process too slow, and decided to speed it up by ending the voluntary aspect.

An important aspect of shape-shifting, thematically, is whether the transformation is voluntary.

The Illinois Commission for Handicapped Children, which for 20 years has had the responsibility of coordinating the services of tax supported and voluntary organizations serving handicapped children, of studying the needs of handicapped children in Illinois, and of promoting more adequate services for them, indeed welcomes this new important resource which will help the people of Illinois toward the goal of providing an education for all of its children.

There is some indication from a limited number of interviews with members of the population that the element of power, primarily the voluntary influence of non-authoritative power, has been exerted on actors in the system, particularly in regard to mate selection.

In the $40,000,000 budget that has been submitted for Congressional approval, $26,000,000 would be spent through universities and private voluntary agencies.

The total network of tracks amounts to around, and is maintained and overseen by a voluntary body, the Schwarzwaldverein ( Black Forest Society ), which has around 90, 000 members ( figures from Bremke, 1999, p. 9 ).

In response, Wreen argued that euthanasia has to be voluntary, and that " involuntary euthanasia is, as such, a great wrong ".

Terms such as diaspora and refugee describe group exile, both voluntary and forced, and government in exile describes a government of a country that has been forced to relocate and argue its legitimacy from outside that country.

Since the 2005 general election the government has floated the idea of voluntary mergers of local councils, avoiding a costly reorganisation but achieving desired reform.

It also has a hacker ethic, based on the idea that writing software and sharing the result on a voluntary basis is a good idea, and that information should be free, but that it's not up to the hacker to make it free by breaking into private computer systems.

Understanding one's " need for treatment " would cause one to agree to voluntary commitment, but the Bazelon Center has said that this " lack of insight " is " often no more than disagreement with the treating professional "

" The Court has applied this same standard of voluntariness in determining whether a waiver of a suspect's Fifth Amendment Miranda rights was voluntary.

While government regulation of the use of this professional title is less universal than for " dietician ", the field is supported by many high-level academic programs, up to and including the Doctoral level, and has its own voluntary certification board, professional associations, and peer-reviewed journals, e. g. the American Society for Nutrition and the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Plea bargaining has been defended as a voluntary exchange that leaves both parties better off, in that defendants have many procedural and substantive rights, but by pleading guilty, defendants sell these rights to the prosecutor, receiving concessions that they esteem more highly than the rights surrendered.

In the English system, a plea is regarded as voluntary if the defendant, properly advised as to the possible alternatives by his counsel, has the freedom in his own mind to choose the plea he will make.

An intervening cause has several requirements: it must 1 ) be independent of the original act, 2 ) be a voluntary human act or an abnormal natural event, and 3 ) occur in time between the original act and the harm.

The United States in contrast has no licensing, but instead has voluntary certification organizations such as the American Sailing Association.

Enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies.

Nevertheless, the Balladur Committee has not retained this proposition and does not advocate the disappearance of the departments, but simply " favors the voluntary grouping of departments ," which it suggests also for the regions, with the aim of bringing the number of the latter down to fifteen.

Szasz has indicated that his own views came from libertarian politics held since his teens, rather than through experience in psychiatry ; that in his " rare " contacts with involuntary mental patients in the past he either sought to discharge them ( if they were not charged with a crime ) or " assisted the prosecution in securing conviction " ( if they were charged with a crime and appeared to be prima facie guilty ); that he is not opposed to consensual psychiatry and " does not interfere with the practice of the conventional psychiatrist ", and that he provided " listening-and-talking (" psychotherapy ")" for voluntary fee-paying clients from 1948 until 1996, a practice he characterizes as non-medical and not associated with his being a psychoanalytically trained psychiatrist.

There are two main methods for determining voluntary consent: " opt in " ( only those who have given explicit consent are donors ) and " opt out " ( anyone who has not refused is a donor ).

Craig Branson, online director of the American Society of News Editors ( ASNE ), has been quoted as saying, " Industry codes are very generic and totally voluntary.

In the UK, SLSGB has a long history of voluntary members patrolling local beaches, offering advice, first aid and rescue services.

Another important factor in the reconciliation process has been the activity of ZAKA – a voluntary rescue organization run by Haredim, which provides emergency first response medical attention at suicide bombing scenes and retrieves human remains found there to provide proper burial.

In recent years, the FERC has been promoting the voluntary formation of Regional Transmission Organizations ( RTOs ) and Independent System Operators ( ISOs ) to eliminate the potential for undue discrimination in access to the electric grid.

These services at which attendance is voluntary are led by the Chaplain, by the President of the College, by selected faculty members, students, and visitors.

The development of the concept of the corporation led to the wealthy supporters of the corporate form becoming suspicious of all unincorporated legal entities, which in turn led to the modern concept of the unincorporated or voluntary association.

This is indicated by a " high mean proportion of ancestry from North African ( 10. 6 %)" that " attests to a high level of religious conversion ( whether voluntary or enforced ), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants.

The results of a study of the genetics of the Iberian Peninsula released in December 2008 " attest to a high level of religious conversion ( whether voluntary or enforced ) driven by historical episodes of religious intolerance, which ultimately led to the integration of descendants.

In his classic study of the topic, social policy research Richard Titmuss showed that voluntary donation resulted in a better blood supply than paid donation, and this led to new rules in the U. S. regulating blood banks.

He led the effort to prevent the disestablishment of the church in Connecticut — and, when its disestablishment appeared inevitable, encouraged efforts by protégés like Beecher and Bacon to organize voluntary associations to maintain the influence of religion in public life.

The suit, coupled with the Department of Justice antitrust suit also brought against AT & T, eventually led to the voluntary breakup of the Bell System.

A voluntary if controversial resettlement is underway with the aid of the Karnataka Tiger Conservation Project led by K. Ullas Karanth of the Wildlife Conservation Society.

This, and subsequent events like the setting up of a ' provisional ' Grand Lodge in the town after the ' voluntary ' dissolution of the Order in 1825, led to the town being known as ' The Orange Citadel ' and becoming infamous as a center of sectarian strife for two centuries.

Concerns that children who play violent video games may have a tendency to act more aggressively on the playground have led to voluntary rating systems adopted by the industry, such as the ESRB rating system in the United States and the PEGI rating system in Europe ( see above ), that are aimed at educating parents about the types of games their children should or should not be playing.

Vojislav Šešelj led the party as president during and after the Bosnian War before voluntary surrendering to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) in 2003 to stand trial for alleged war crimes.

The decision following the 1991 Gulf War to end conscription in France and to rely on voluntary enlistment has led to a smartening up of uniforms and the reappearance of various traditional items for dress wear.

It was supposed to be a voluntary organisation led only by Lithuanian officers and stay with the borders of Lithuania defending the country against the Red Army.

In March 1953, the regime, again inspired by Moscow, decided to rid itself from the Committee and led to its " voluntary " dissolution.

The Ireland Funds are overseen by voluntary directors at various levels, and have regional and global staff, led by Kieran McLoughlin, CEO and President, The Worldwide Ireland Funds.

This has led to the emergence of " standards for standards " whereby the organizations setting voluntary ecolabels adhere to guidelines laid down by wider stakeholder bodies such as the ISEAL Alliance.

These provisions led to the publication of new federal rules in October 2006 to allow districts to create single-sex schools and classes provided that 1 ) enrollment is voluntary, and 2 ) comparable courses, services, and facilities are available to both sexes.

This has led to voluntary warning labels on some bags which may pose a hazard to small children.

In 2006 funding had dropped to the point that NREL was forced to lay off 32 workers, and in 2011 anticipated congressional budget shortfalls led to a voluntary buyout program for 100 to 150 staff reductions.

Foremost amongst all were the National Council of Churches of Singapore, which issued a statement that homosexuality was incongruous with the scriptures of Christianity, and an independent group of 20 Christians from different denominations, voluntary organisations and professions, led by Pastor Yang Tuck Yoong, of the Cornerstone Community Church.

He opposed the threat of compulsory military service during the Conscription Crisis of 1918, though as a member of the Irish Recruiting Council he continued to support voluntary recruitment, encountering intense opposition led by Sinn Féin.

Objections to such testing kits in the UK have led to the voluntary suspension of commercial testing activity there, and in the US severe criticisms have been leveled against various testing companies by the Government Accountability Office.

The realisation of this move almost led the club to financial ruin, as encouragement from financial partners Sport England and the hiring of architect Sir Michael Hopkins had led the then part time voluntary committee running the club to lose control of the budget.