This paper used the vorticity stream function method, developed by Jake Fromm at LANL.

For most acoustics problems we assume that the flow is irrotational, that is, the vorticity is zero.

Another way to say this is that the airflow around the airfoil develops enough vorticity to satisfy the Kutta condition.

Also under study are the low-level mesocyclone and the stretching of low-level vorticity which tightens into a tornado, namely, what are the processes and what is the relationship of the environment and the convective storm.

Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the poleward-moving winds on the subtropical ridge's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of poleward moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the cold western boundary current which originates from high latitudes.

The form has use in irrotational flow, where the curl of the velocity ( called vorticity ) is equal to zero.

For flows ( or parts thereof ) with strong vorticity effects, the potential flow approximation is not applicable.

and consequently the vorticity, the curl of the velocity field v, is zero:

In flow regions where vorticity is known to be important, such as wakes and boundary layers, potential flow theory is not able to provide reasonable predictions of the flow.

It is formed with the aid of potential vorticity, which is defined as the product of the isentropic density, i. e. the density that arises from using potential temperature as the vertical coordinate, and the absolute vorticity, given that this quantity attains quite different values for the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Instead of using the vertical temperature gradient as the defining variable, the dynamic tropopause surface is expressed in potential vorticity units ( PVU ), with the tropopause layer typically lying within the 1. 5 – 2 PVU surface in the Northern Hemisphere, although no universal values exist.

Given that the absolute vorticity is positive ( negative ) in the Northern ( Southern ) hemisphere, the threshold value should be taken as positive ( negative ) north ( south ) of the equator.

Next, in an initially stationary incompressible fluid, there is no vorticity, and the fluid stays irrotational, hence.

A prognostic variable is a variable that a global climate model predicts by integration of a physical equation, typically vorticity, divergence, temperature, surface pressure, and water vapour concentration.

In fluid dynamics, the vorticity is a vector that describes the local spinning motion of a fluid near some point, as would be seen by an observer located at that point and traveling along with the fluid.

More precisely, the vorticity of a flow is a vector field, equal to the curl ( rotational ) of its velocity field v. It can be expressed by the vector analysis formula, where is the nabla operator.

The vorticity of a two-dimensional flow is always perpendicular to the plane of the flow, and therefore can be considered a scalar field.

The vorticity is related to the flow's circulation ( line integral of the velocity ) along a closed path by the Stokes equation.

: For the term ' vortex-tube ' used in fluid dynamics please see: vorticity

Examples include the structure of a turbulent boundary layer / shock wave interaction, the vorticity of a cylinder wake, and for rod-airfoil aeroacoustic experiments.

* Atmospheric science, η represents absolute atmospheric vorticity.

Viscosity often cannot be neglected near solid boundaries because the no-slip condition can generate a thin region of large strain rate ( known as Boundary layer ) which enhances the effect of even a small amount of viscosity, and thus generating vorticity.

It can be understood as the total amount of " spinning " ( or vorticity ) of air around the airfoil.

In the aerodynamic application, the roles of vorticity and current are reversed as when compared to the magnetic application.

In Maxwell's 1861 paper ' On Physical Lines of Force ', magnetic field strength H was directly equated with pure vorticity ( spin ), whereas B was a weighted vorticity that was weighted for the density of the vortex sea.

He also developed a simple theory of the general ocean circulation postulating a dynamical vorticity balance between the wind-stress curl and the meridional gradient of the Coriolis parameter Sverdrup balance.

* Congruence ( general relativity ), for the relatation between vorticity and hypersurfaces.

Another accurate method for measuring the elementary charge is by inferring it from measurements of two effects in quantum mechanics: The Josephson effect, voltage oscillations that arise in certain superconducting structures ; and the quantum Hall effect, a quantum effect of electrons at low temperatures, strong magnetic fields, and confinement into two dimensions.

Enforced loneliness ( solitary confinement ) has been a punishment method throughout history.

* Box ( torture ), a method of solitary confinement

However, no matter how exotic the method of propagation, and no matter the material system, the sole driver for most that time has been the transportation of light from one point to another, whether by step-index confinement determined by simple Fresnel reflections or by coherent Fresnel reflections in bandgap fibers such as Bragg fibers.

* The Box ( torture ), a method of solitary confinement

In cryptography, a subgroup confinement attack ( or small subgroup confinement attack ) on a cryptographic method that operates in a large finite group is where an attacker attempts to compromise the method by forcing a key to be confined to an unexpectedly small subgroup of the desired group.

`` Fanny and Mrs. Godwin will probably be glad to hear that Mary has safely recovered from a very favorable confinement, and that her child is well ''.

For example, a typical magnetic confinement fusion plasma is 15 keV, or 170 megakelvins.

# Marga: this confinement is possible by following the Eightfold Path.

The translation of nirodha as confinement means that this craving is a natural reaction, which cannot be totally escaped or ceased, but can be limited, which gives us freedom.

Eventually, Treize is released from confinement, and he relieves Relena of her crown, telling her that while she has successfully laid the foundation for true peace, he is the one with the strength to bring it to fruition.

The exploitation of prison labor, the system of squeezing ‘ golden sweat ’ from them, the organization of production in places of confinement, which while profitable from a commercial point of view is fundamentally lacking in corrective significance – these are entirely inadmissible in Soviet places of confinement .”

The reason is that this treatment requires nuclear radiological expertise and facilities, since the animal's urine, sweat, saliva, and stool are radioactive for several days after the treatment, requiring special inpatient handling and facilities usually for a total of 3 weeks ( first week in total isolation and the next two weeks in close confinement ).

If the photons reside mainly in the higher index material, the confinement is due to total internal reflection.

If the confinement is due many distributed Fresnel reflections, the device is termed a photonic crystal.

For example, commitment proceedings are not criminal proceedings even though they can result in long confinement because the confinement is considered rehabilitative in nature and not punishment.

* 1757 – English poet Christopher Smart is admitted into St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London, beginning his six-year confinement to mental asylums.

:* Nanotechnology – rigorously, the study of materials where the effects of quantum confinement, the Gibbs – Thomson effect, or any other effect only present at the nanoscale is the defining property of the material ; but more commonly, it is the creation and study of materials whose defining structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one hundred nanometers in scale, such as molecularly engineered materials.

The first example of this is a mathematical proof of the confinement mechanisms in EROS, based on a simplified model of the EROS API.

* 1730 – Frederick II ( known as Frederick the Great ), King of Prussia, is granted a royal pardon and released from confinement.

Although analytically unproven, confinement is widely believed to be true because it explains the consistent failure of free quark searches, and it is easy to demonstrate in lattice QCD.

There is no known phase-transition line separating these two properties ; confinement is dominant in low-energy scales but, as energy increases, asymptotic freedom becomes dominant.

The other side of asymptotic freedom is confinement.

There is also a correspondence between confinement in QCD-the fact that the color-field is only different from zero in the interior of hadrons-and the behaviour of the usual magnetic field in the theory of type-II superconductors: there the magnetism is confined to the interiour of the Abrikosov flux-line lattice, i. e., the London penetration depth λ of that theory is analogous to the confinement radius R < sub > c </ sub > of quantum chromodynamics.