The response of the filter depends on the weighting coefficients denoted b < sub > 0 </ sub >, b < sub > 1 </ sub >, .... b < sub > N </ sub >.

Most frequently ambient noise levels are measured using a frequency weighting filter, the most common being the A-weighting scale, such that resulting measurements are denoted dB ( A ), or decibels on the A-weighting scale.

A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress some aspects of a phenomenon compared to others, for measurement or other purposes.

Here the user specifies a desired frequency response, a weighting function for errors from this response, and a filter order N. The algorithm then finds the set of N coefficients that minimize the maximum deviation from the ideal.

In its basic form this approach requires that an ideal frequency function of the filter is specified together with a frequency weighting function and set of coordinates in the signal domain where the filter coefficients are located.

The previous method can be extended to include an additional error term related to a desired filter impulse response in the signal domain, with a corresponding weighting function.

This is done by choosing a narrow ideal filter impulse response function, e. g., an impulse, and a weighting function which grows fast with the distance from the origin, e. g., the distance squared.

Measurements based on psychoacoustics, such as the measurement of noise, often use a weighting filter.

Here the user specifies a desired frequency response, a weighting function for errors from this response, and a filter order N. The algorithm then finds the set of coefficients that minimize the maximum deviation from the ideal.

When viewed in the frequency domain, it is evident that the matched filter applies the greatest weighting to spectral components that have the greatest signal-to-noise ratio.

The four curves are applied to the measured sound level, for example by the use of a weighting filter in a sound level meter, to arrive at readings of loudness in Phons or in decibels ( dB ) above the threshold of hearing.

The distinction between absorbed dose ( Gy ) and dose equivalent ( Sv ) is based upon the biological effects of the weighting factor ( denoted w < sub > r </ sub >) and tissue / organ weighting factor ( W < sub > T </ sub >) have been established, which compare the relative biological effects of various types of radiation and the susceptibility of different organs.

is minimized, where r is the vector of residuals and W is a weighting matrix.

Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling.

As an example, if someone kills someone else, such a nihilist might argue that killing is not inherently a bad thing, bad independently from our moral beliefs, only that because of the way morality is constructed as some rudimentary dichotomy, what is said to be a bad thing is given a higher negative weighting than what is called good: as a result, killing the individual was bad because it did not let the individual live, which was arbitrarily given a positive weighting.

Further refinement can be brought by weighting changes in one direction higher than changes in another ; for instance, the presence of thoracic wings almost guarantees placement among the pterygote insects, although because wings are often lost secondarily, there is no evidence that they have been gained more than once.

If u is a superposition of such waves with weighting function φ, then

The Nikkei 225 is designed to reflect the overall market, so there is no specific weighting of industries.

The term psophometric weighting, though referring in principle to any weighting curve intended for noise measurement, is often used to refer to a particular weighting curve, used in telephony for narrow-bandwidth voiceband speech circuits.

The A-weighting curve has been widely adopted for environmental noise measurement, and is standard in many sound level meters ( see ITU-R 468 weighting for a further explanation ).

ITU-R 468 noise weighting with quasi-peak detection is widely used in Europe, especially in telecommunications, and in broadcasting particularly after it was adopted by the Dolby corporation who realised its superior validity for their purposes.

The use of weighting curves is in no way to be regarded as ' cheating ', provided that the proper curve is used.

Another use of weighting is in television, where the red, green and blue components of the signal are weighted according to their perceived brightness.

Flat weighting: In a noise-measuring set, a noise weighting based on an amplitude-frequency characteristic that is flat over a frequency range that must be stated.

Noise measurements using this weighting typically also use a quasi-peak detector law rather than slow averaging.

To illustrate the weighting principle, the incident power density in midday sun is typically 0. 6 mW /( nm m < sup > 2 </ sup >) at 295 nm, 74 mW /( nm m < sup > 2 </ sup >) at 305 nm and 478 mW /( nm m < sup > 2 </ sup >) at 325 nm.

A revised version, called cumulative prospect theory overcame this problem by using a probability weighting function derived from Rank-dependent expected utility theory.

The Verbal section received a double weighting to allow a full composite score of 240 points The Writing Skills section, introduced in 1997, was partially derived from the discontinued Test of Standard Written English ( TSWE ).

Various weighting curves were derived in the 1960s, in particular as part of the DIN 4550 standard for audio quality measurement, which differed from the A-weighting curve, showing more of a peak around 6 kHz, and these were found to give a more meaningful subjective measure of noise on audio equipment ; especially on the newly invented compact cassette tape recorders with Dolby noise reduction which were characterised by a noise spectrum dominated by high frequencies.

Diving weighting systems, ranging from 2 to 15 kilograms, increase density of the scuba diver to compensate for the buoyancy of diving equipment, allowing the diver to fully submerge underwater with ease by obtaining neutral or slightly negative buoyancy.

By weighting and integrating individual returns ( such as through likelihood ratio based detectors ), detection can be optimised to place more emphasis on stronger returns obtained from certain monostatic or bistatic radar cross section values, or from favourable propagation paths, when making a decision as to whether a target is present.

In 1 December 2003, the index's weighting system switched from being dependent on total market capitalisation to free float market cap only, in line with other leading indices.

The utility of MO theory is that a quantitative indication of the charge from the π system on an atom can be obtained from the squares of the weighting coefficient c < sub > i </ sub > on atom C < sub > i </ sub >.

While there is utility in weighting hypotheses and branching potential outcomes from them, reliance on scenario analysis without reporting some parameters of measurement accuracy ( standard errors, confidence intervals of estimates, metadata, standardization and coding, weighting for non-response, error in reportage, sample design, case counts, etc.

Less formally, a group ring is a generalization of a given group, by attaching to each element of the group a " weighting factor " from a given ring.

where k is a weighting, usually 1 so often omitted from descriptions.

; R-Releases: Demonstrate how to operate the releases that can be used in an emergency to separate the diver from the weighting system, buoyancy compensator and SCUBA unit.

* The diver's weighting may need to be adjusted, if he is diving in a liquid whose density is much different from the density of water.

The fields obtained from the field solver are determined only on the grid points and can't be used directly in the particle mover to calculate the force acting on particles, but have to be interpolated via the field weighting:

This ranking is based on survey responses from both current graduating students and recruiters ( 45 % weighting each ) as well as the intellectual capital produced by the business schools ( 10 %).

The location of the interaction between the gamma ray and the crystal can be determined by processing the voltage signals from the photomultipliers ; in simple terms, the location can be found by weighting the position of each photomultiplier tube by the strength of its signal, and then calculating a mean position from the weighted positions.