As the electrical resistance of most metals is dependent upon the temperature of the metal ( tungsten is a popular choice for hot-wires ), a relationship can be obtained between the resistance of the wire and the flow speed.

High speed beams of cathode rays can also be steered and manipulated by electric fields created by additional metal plates in the tube to which voltage is applied, or magnetic fields created by coils of wire ( electromagnets ).

Hence, the bridging is then done in hardware, allowing packets to be forwarded at full wire speed.

The following year, Gustav Kirchhoff wrote a paper in which he showed that the speed of a signal along an electric wire was equal to the speed of light.

Variations on this basic formula describe the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire ( sometimes called Laplace force ), the electromotive force in a wire loop moving through a magnetic field ( an aspect of Faraday's law of induction ), and the force on a particle which might be traveling near the speed of light ( relativistic form of the Lorentz force ).

A supply of covering material is wound on each bobbin, and the end is led on to the wire, which occupies a central position relatively to the bobbins ; the latter being revolved at a suitable speed bodily with their disks, the cotton is consequently served on to the wire, winding in spiral fashion so as to overlap.

Multi-layer switching can move traffic at wire speed and also provide layer 3 routing, which can remove the bottleneck from the network routers.

This cored wire is more expensive than the standard solid wire and can generate fumes and / or slag, but it permits even higher welding speed and greater metal penetration.

This is very useful for monitoring fast networks like 10GbE or STM64, where complex processing of the data may not be possible at wire speed.

Semi-automated wire wrapping is unique among prototyping systems because it can place twisted pairs, and twisted magnetically-shielded quads, permitting the assembly of complex radar and high speed digital circuits.

By late 1944, Zimmerit was no longer being applied to German armored vehicles, and the Panzer IV's side-skirts had been replaced by wire mesh, while to further speed production the number of return rollers was reduced from four to three.

The physical layer net bitrate, information rate, useful bit rate, payload rate, net data transfer rate, coded transmission rate, effective data rate or wire speed ( informal language ) of a digital communication channel is the capacity excluding the physical layer protocol overhead, for example time division multiplex ( TDM ) framing bits, redundant forward error correction ( FEC ) codes, equalizer training symbols and other channel coding.

Compared to tape recorders, wire recording devices had a high media speed, made necessary because of the use of the solid metal medium.

Standard postwar wire recorders used a nominal speed of 24 inches per second ( 610 mm / s ), making a typical one-hour spool of wire 7, 200 feet ( approx.

Because the wire was pulled past the head by the take-up spool, the actual wire speed slowly increased as the effective diameter of the take-up spool increased.

When such a repair was made to an existing recording a jump in the sound would result during playback, but because of the high speed of the wire the loss of an inch due to tying and trimming was trivial and might pass unnoticed.

Because of its homogeneous nature and very high speed, wire was relatively free of the noticeable background hiss which characterized tape recordings before the advent of noise reduction systems.

In accordance with British infantry tank doctrine and based on the expected needs of World War I-style trench warfare, the tank was required to be capable of navigating shell-cratered ground, demolishing infantry obstacles such as barbed wire, and attacking fixed enemy defences ; for these purposes, great speed and heavy armament was not required.

The stock slurry, often called white water at this point, exits the headbox through a rectangular opening of adjustable height called the slice, the white water stream being called the jet and it is pressurized on high speed machines so as to land gently on the moving fabric loop or wire at a speed typically between plus or minus 3 % of the wire speed, called rush and drag respectively.

In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite said that he was standing at the United Press wire machine when the bulletin broke and was clamoring to get on the air as fast as was possible.

As such, a fast optical system can easily see the changes in the flickers from the data being transmitted down the wire.

The initial concept developed in the mid-1950s was for a very fast ( 55 knot / 100 km / h ), deep-diving torpedo driven by an internal combustion engine, carrying high pressure oxygen as oxidant, guided by a wire system developed from the Mackle wire-guidance study dated 1952 using data transmitted from the firing submarine sonars and using an autonomous active / passive sonar developed from the abandoned 1950s UK PENTANE torpedo project.

broken in the middle and made fast with a wire ,“ and alleged that Jacquetta had fashioned it to use for witchcraft and sorcery.

On fast machines, the stock does not remain on the wire in liquid form long enough and the long fibers line up with the machine.

Since the electrons move about 600 times as fast as the ions, 600 times as many electrons will strike the wire as ions.

The wire speed should not be confused with the line bitrate, also known as gross bit rate, raw bitrate or data signalling rate, which is 125 Mbit / s in fast Ethernet.

The usual design consists of a cast-iron bench or table having a bracket standing up to hold the die, and a vertical drum which rotates and by coiling the wire around its surface pulls it through the die, the coil of wire being stored upon another drum or " swift " which lies behind the die and reels off the wire as fast as required.

However a fast attacker who is sniffing the wire can obtain the URL and immediately reset a user's TCP connection ( as an attacker is sniffing the wire and knows the required TCP sequence numbers ) and then execute the replay attack as described above.

The system was based on the fast construction of pre-fabricated wooden molds, which would be filled with gravel and enclosed with barbed wire fencing.

IP set-top boxes have a built-in home network interface that can be Ethernet or one of the existing wire home networking technologies such as HomePNA or the ITU-T G. hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed ( up to 1Gbit / s ) local area network using existing home wiring ( power lines, phone lines, and coaxial cables ).

It should be noted that the bandwidth of wired systems can be in fact surprisingly narrow, with the bandwidth of Ethernet wire limited to approximately 1 GHz, and PCB traces limited by a similar amount.

The word " BASE " in Ethernet physical layer standards, for example 10BASE5, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-SX, implies baseband digital transmission, i. e. that a line code and an unfiltered wire are used.

In particular, the Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T2 medium ( now defunct ), running at 100 Mbit / s, uses five-level PAM modulation ( PAM-5 ) running at 25 megapulses / sec over two wire pairs.

Later, the gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T medium raised the bar to use four pairs of wire running each at 125 megapulses / sec to achieve 1000 Mbit / s data rates, still utilizing PAM-5 for each pair.

The original Ethernet standard 10BASE-T used a baseband encoding ( also known as line coding ), where the signal is simply encoded directly on the wire without any sort of carrier wave.

However, since 802. 3 ( Ethernet ) and 802. 4 ( Token Bus ) send the bits over the wire with least significant bit first, while 802. 5 ( Token Ring ) and 802. 6 ( FDDI ) send the bits over the wire with most significant bit first, confusion may arise where an OUI in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation.

The service being carried over the " wire " may be Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Ethernet or Time-division multiplexing ( TDM ) while the packet network may be Multi-protocol label switching ( MPLS ), Internet Protocol ( IPv4 or IPv6 ), or Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 ( L2TPv3 ).

It was originally developed to provide data and voice / video over the same wire without degradation by fixing the amount of bandwidth assigned to the Ethernet and B-channel sides.

For example, a user needs to replace RS-232, RS-422 or RS-485 wire and run their data over Ethernet without making any changes to the server or the ultimate serial device, a user wants to replace a parallel leased line modem network with their parallel Ethernet network, or someone has a pick and place machine that puts ICs on boards, and they want to move the server into a back room where the equipment will be safe from damage.

1000 Mbit / s Ethernet LAN cables use four wire pairs in full duplex ( 250 Mbit / s per pair in both directions simultaneously ), and many bits per symbol to encode their data payloads.

The element is inserted in the discharge circuit in place of the exploding wire, and the calorimetric heating of the element is measured with high accuracy.

Several efforts were made in this direction, and though not all of them survive to this day, the Brown & Sharpe wire gage system was eventually adopted as the American standard and is still in common use today.

The direct evidence on the micrometeorite environment near the Earth is obtained from piezoelectric sensors ( essentially microphones ) and from wire gages ; ;

another reports that a cellular polypropylene, primarily for use in wire coating applications, is being investigated.

Usually this is a thin band of wire attached to the molars and stretching across the teeth.

Then comes the time when the last wire is removed and Susie walks out a healthier and more attractive girl than when she first went to the orthodontist.

Make sure that the metal tube through which the wire passes is in the shape of an inverted `` L '', the foot of the `` L '' about three inches long, so that the puppet can hang directly under the light.

This wire is usually near the user ).

The most important of these was the principle that came to be called Ampère ’ s law, which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents.

Carryout Chinese food is typically served in a Oyster pail | paper carton with a wire bail.

The anode should be removed and checked after 5 years ( sooner if there is a sodium based water softner inline ), and replaced if 15 cm ( 6 inches ) or more of bare wire is showing.

Abatis is rarely seen nowadays, having been largely replaced by wire obstacles.

However, it may be used as a replacement or supplement when barbed wire is in short supply.

An important weakness of abatis, in contrast to barbed wire, is that it can be destroyed by fire.

A portable hand-held clamp-on ammeter is a common tool for maintenance of industrial and commercial electrical equipment, which is temporarily clipped over a wire to measure current.

Additionally, PWM ( pulse-width modulation ) anemometers are also used, wherein the velocity is inferred by the time length of a repeating pulse of current that brings the wire up to a specified resistance and then stops until a threshold " floor " is reached, at which time the pulse is sent again.

Beadwork is the art or craft of attaching beads to one another or to cloth, usually by the use of a needle and thread or soft, flexible wire.

This is a system by which a steel or iron wire framework is built in the shape of a boat's hull and covered ( trowelled ) over with cement.